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Virology Lecture 1-2 S2025

The lecture discusses the emergence and characteristics of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV, now known as COVID-19, highlighting its transmission, symptoms, and current variants. As of May 2025, the virus has a 2% mortality rate, with various states experiencing different trends in infection rates. The document emphasizes the importance of infection prevention and control measures, diagnostic methods, and the zoonotic origins of the virus.

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4 views

Virology Lecture 1-2 S2025

The lecture discusses the emergence and characteristics of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV, now known as COVID-19, highlighting its transmission, symptoms, and current variants. As of May 2025, the virus has a 2% mortality rate, with various states experiencing different trends in infection rates. The document emphasizes the importance of infection prevention and control measures, diagnostic methods, and the zoonotic origins of the virus.

Uploaded by

abdulrehmanfaisal54
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture: Coronavirus

(2019-nCoV)

Lecture 1-2
Virology

Prof. Dr Rani Faryal


Department of Microbiology
A deadly Pandemic?
• Spread from person to person
Emergence of novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV
First case reported (31st Dec. 2019 )and isolated (7th Jan.2020)
WHO announced its official name as COVID-19(11th Feb. 2020)
Corona viruses now
• Currently-dominant variant nationwide is LP.8.1, with 70%
of cases, followed by XFC, with 9% of cases, and XEC,
with 6% of cases.
• Original omicron variant is gone now
• As of May 13, 2025-COVID-19 infections are growing or
likely growing in 2 state, declining or likely declining in 30
states, and not changing in 14 states
• 1,569,353 Cases which had an outcome
1,538,689 (98%)Recovered / Discharged 30,664 (2%)Deaths
COVID-2019

• Acute self resolving disease But can have 2%


mortality rate
• Acute cases: respiratory symptoms like headache,
runny nose, weakness, malaise, fever, dry cough
nausea , vomiting, diarrhea and shortness of breath
• Severe cases-severe acute respiratory syndrome
(pneumonia, bronchitis)
• Sometimes even can cause death due to massive
alveolar damage and progressive respiratory failure
WHO case definition
• Severe acute respiratory infection: History of fever, cough
requiring admission to hospital AND history of travel or
residence in/to China in the 14 days prior to symptom
onset
• OR
• Patient with any acute respiratory illness AND at least one
of the following during the 14 days prior to symptom
onset: Contact with a confirmed or suspected case of
COVID-19 infection OR worked in or attended a health
care facility where patients with confirmed or probable
COVID-19 acute respiratory disease patients were being
treated
SARS-CoV2
Coronaviridae Family
Infects both animals and humans

• Alpha-CoVs
• Beta-CoVs
– 4 lineages (A, B, C, and D)
– Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV belong to its
different lineages.
• Gamma-CoVs
• Delta-CoVs
Novel Corona Virus(SARS-CoV2)
• Positive sense single stranded
RNA
• Genome ∼30,000
sequenced(11th Jan. 2020)
• Major proteins:
– Spike (S), envelope(E),
membrane(M), nucleocapsid(N)
Source and reservoir of SARS-CoV2
• Zoonotic infection :spread was from Huanan
Seafood Wholesale Market
Lesson from MERS Transmission Cycle
Incubation period
• Varied length of the incubation period
• Estimated between 2-10 days by WHO
• 2-4 days by the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Now incubation period up to 24 days
Is there human to human transmission after
jumping from animals?
• nCoV spikes can directly binds to human
angiotension converting enzyme (ACE2) receptors
• Several critical residues amino acids in SARs-CoV
receptor-binding motif (particularly glutamine and
aspargine) provide more favorable interactions with
human ACE2 receptors
• Bat origin of SARs.CoV2 has both have similar
DNA sequences- indicating bat species as possible
intermediate hosts
Life Cycle of SARs-CoV2
Diagnosis possible
• WHO recommend several testing methods
• Recommended method reverse transcription-
polymerase chain reaction on respiratory samples
(throat swab)

• Diagnostic guideline:
– Clinical features and epidemiological risk
– Fever, imaging features of pneumonia, normal or
reduced white blood cell count, or reduced lymphocyte
along contact with other infected patients
Infection Prevention and Control COVID-
19

National programme
IPC focal point/team/committee
Health care facility senior management officials
and all staff at the facility level
Infection Prevention and Control COVID-
19 in Pakistan
• Country-level coordination, planning and
monitoring
Mo National health service, regulation and
coordination, NIH
• Risk communication and community engagement
Media (print, social and electronic )
• Surveillance, epidemiologic investigation, rapid-
response and case investigation
•
Is prevention of COVID possible?

• Yes

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