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Growth and Development_introduction

The document discusses the processes of growth and development from conception to adulthood, defining growth as a quantitative increase in size and development as a qualitative progression in skills and capacities. It outlines principles of growth and development, including the predictable sequence of stages and the influence of hereditary and environmental factors. Additionally, it highlights various stages of growth, factors affecting development, and the importance of nutrition, psychological environment, and socioeconomic status.

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4 views34 pages

Growth and Development_introduction

The document discusses the processes of growth and development from conception to adulthood, defining growth as a quantitative increase in size and development as a qualitative progression in skills and capacities. It outlines principles of growth and development, including the predictable sequence of stages and the influence of hereditary and environmental factors. Additionally, it highlights various stages of growth, factors affecting development, and the importance of nutrition, psychological environment, and socioeconomic status.

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miltonpradapantony3718
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WELCOME

Unit II
HEALTHY CHILD

Growth and Development


INTRODUCTION
 The process of growth and development
starts before the baby born i.e. from the
conception in the mother’s womb.
 The period extends throughout the life

cycle
DEFINITION OF GROWTH
 It is the process of physical maturation
resulting an increase in size of the body
and various organ.
 It occurs by multiplication of cells and an

increase in intracellular substance.


 It is quantitative changes of the body

which can be measured in


inches/centimeters and pounds/kilogram
growth
 Itrefers to increase in physical size due
to cell division and synthesis of proteins
e.g weight and height.it can be
considered quantitative change
 Growth is change in size, in proportion,
disappearance of old features and acquisition of
new ones
- Hurlock
• Growth is structural and physiological changes
- Crow and crow
Development starts from birth to
death
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
 It is the process of functional and physiological
maturation of the individual.
 It is progressive increase in skill and capacity

to function
 It is related to maturation and myelination of

the nervous system


 It is qualitative aspect

 It is psychological, emotional and social

changes
Cont.…
 Development means a progressive
series of changes that occur in an
orderly predictable pattern as a result of
maturation and experience
Hurlock(1959)
maturation
 Itrefers to an increase in competence
and adaptability,a change in the
complexity of a structural functioning at a
higher level
PRINCIPLES
Principles of growth and
development
1.Development is a continuous process from
conception to maturity
2.Children’s development is multidimensional
children development in three broad areas,
Physical development

psychosocial development

Cognitive development
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
3.children’s development occurs in a
predictable(orderly) sequence
4. different children pass through the
predictable stages at different rates
5.All body systems do not develop at the
same rate
6.Development is cephalocaudal (from
head to toe)
GROWTH PATTERN
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
7.Development proceeds from proximal to
distal body parts (proximodistal)
8.Development proceeds from gross to
refined motor skills
9.children’s development is affected by early
experiences
10.children’s development occurs in a
broader context
Cont.…
.
12.children’s development depends on the
interplay between genes and environment
13. Neonatal reflexes must disappear
before development can proceed
Stages…….
STAGES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

 Prenatal period conception to birth


 Perinatal period from 28 weeks of gestation
to first 7 days after birth
 Neonate-from birth to 28 days
 Infancy- first year of life
 Toddler- 1yr to 3yrs
Cont.….
 Adolescent from puberty to adulthood
Prepubescent(early adolescent)
10 – 12 years (girls)
12 -14 years (boys)
Pubescent (middle adolescent)
12 – 14 years` (girls)
14 -16 years (boys)
Post pubescent ( late adolescent)
14 – 18 years (girls)
16 - 20years (boys)
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Hereditary ENVIRONMENTAL
 Phenotype
 Characteristics of parents
Postnatal factors
Prenatal factors
 Race • Nutrition
 Gender
• Maternal nutritional • Infection and
 Biorhythm and maturation • deficiencies
infestation
 Genetic disorders • Malposition • Trauma
• Maternal illness • Socioeconomic level
• Substance abuse • Climate change
• hormones • Cultural factors
• Emotional factors
• Chronic illnesses
• Ordinal positions
in the family
• Growth potentials
Hereditary factors
Phenotype
It is any characteristic or trait of an organism which can
be observed.
For example , morphology , development biochemical or
physiological properties or behavior etc.,are particular in
each child
Characteristics of parents
It is observed that parental traits are transmitted to their
offsprings. Certain structural characteristics such as height,
size of the head ,structure of the chest ,fatty tissue, etc,tall
parents have tall child ,high Iqor low IQ
Cont.….
 gender:
At birth male babies are heavier and longer than female
babies
Girls mature earlier than boys and bone development is
more advanced in girls
 Race

Physical characteristics of different national groups also


vary. Height and stature of Americans And Indians
are usually differ because of the differences in
growth patterns like height, stature etc
CONT..
 Biorhythm and maturation
 certain developmental achievements occurs at similar ages of
their parents. Girls attain menarche at similar age as their
mothers as well as the length of their menstrual cycle
 Genetic disorder
various chromosomal abnormalities, like turner
syndrome may interfere with growth and
development. Gene mutation may cause inherited
disorders of metabolism such as galactosemia ,
phenylketonuria
Prenatal factor
Prenatal factors
Maternal malnutrition: Dietary insufficiency and
anemia in mother lead to IUGR
Maternal infections:
Intrauterine infection like HIV, HBV,TORCH may
transmit to fetus via placenta and affect the fetal
growth, may occur congenital anomalies
Maternal substance abuse:
Intake of teratogenic drugs by pregnant women in first
trimester leads to congenital malformation which hinder
growth of child. Maternal tobacco intake and alcohol
abuse produce fetal growth restriction.
Cont.…
Maternal illness: pregnancy induced hypertension,
anemia, heart disease, hypothyroidism, diabetes
mellitus have adverse effect on growth
Iodine deficiency of the mother may lead to mental
retardation
Hormones: thyroxine and insulin influences fetal
growth. Thyroxine deficiency retards the skeletal
maturation of the fetus. Maternal myxedema leads in
fetal hypothyroidism
Excess insulin stimulates growth leading to large size
fetus
Postnatal factors
Growth potential: Smaller the child at birth, the smaller
he/she is likely to be in subsequent years. larger the child
at birth the larger he/she is likely to be in later years.
Nutrition: both qualitative and quantitative supply of
nutrition in the daily diet are necessary for promotion of
growth and development
Childhood illness: disease of heart, chest, kidney, liver,
malignancy, malabsorption syndrome etc leads to growth
impairment
Acute illness like ARI, diarrhea leads to malnutrition and
Growth retardation
Cont.…
Physical environment: housing, living condition,
safety measure, environment sanitation, sunshine,
ventilation and fresh air, hygiene, safe water supply are
direct influence the growth and development.
Psychological environment: healthy family, good
parent child relationship, healthy interaction with other
family members are important to promoting emotional,
social and intellectual development.
Socioeconomic status: poor socioeconomic groups
may have less favourable environment for growth and
development than the middle and upper groups
Cont.…
Climate and season: climate variation and seasonal
changes influences the child health. Weight gains is
greater in late summer, rainy seasons and autumn.
Play and exercise: it will promote physiological activity
and stimulate muscular development.
Physical, physiological, social, moral, intellectual and
emotional developments are enhanced by play and
exercise
Cont.
…
 Trauma
Fracture of the bone may damage the growing epiphysis and
interferes with skeletal growth
 Cultural factors

child rearing practices and infant feeding techniques depend on


the cultural practices. Various customs,taboos, rituals and
beliefs prevailing influences child development
• Ordinal positions in the family
• First born gets full attention compare to younger child
THANK YOU

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