Submitted by :Shanza

Roll no:22104008009
Department: Chemistry
Smester:6 th

Submitted to:Ma’am
madiha saleem
Graphene
Contents......
1: Introduction
2:Structure
3: Synthesis
4: Properties
5: Applications
Introduction
• Graphene is an allotroph of carbon that contain a single layer
(monolayers) of carbon atom tightly bound in a hexagonal
lattice.
• In 2004, two physicsts Novoselov and Geim successfully
isolated single layered graphene sheets.
• Graphene is the strongest known material.
• Graphene is building block for other graphitic materials like
carbon nanotubes.
• The Nobel Prize in 2010 was awarded jointly to Konstatntin
Novoselov and Andre Geim in Physics “for groundbreaking
experiments on the two-dimensional material graphene” .
Structure:

Graphene is a hexagonal structure consisting of

sp2 hybridized carbon atoms [described by
‘mother’ of all graphitic carbon materials due to it
essentially being the building block for
carbon nanotubes (effectively ‘rolled up’
graphene sheets) and graphite (stacked
graphene sheets held together by strong Van der
Waal's forces).
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• Graphene’s structure is similar to lots of benzene rings
jointed where hydrogen atoms are replaced by the
carbon atoms and is considered as hydrophobic
because of the absence of oxygen groups .
• Furthermore, it is a carbon allotrope in the structure of
a plane of sp2 bonded atoms with a molecule bond
length of 0.142 nm. Layers of graphene are piled
together to form graphite, with an inter-planar spacing
of 0.335 nm .
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Applications of Graphene
• There are some applications of Graphene that
are following:
1. Supercapacitors
2. Solar cells
3. LCD smart windows and OLED displays
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A: Supercapacitors

• Energy storage devices are utilized in almost every

electronic device as they are responsible for delivering
high electric currents over a short space of time.
• Super capacitors are energy storage devices which
deliver far higher currents than a normal capacitor.
Most supercapacitor technologies utilize high internal
surface area materials to store charge, and given that
graphene exhibits an internal surface area of 2630
m2 g−1 .
• One example of the need for a supercapacitor is to
power electric cars which require high currents for
B :Energy storage
• Graphene is applied in energy storage devices such as
batteries and supercapacitors because of its high
surface area .
• In Li-ion batteries, graphene is widely used as anode
and has a capacity of about 1000 mAh g−1 which is
three times higher than that of graphite electrode.
C: LCD smart windows and
OLED displays
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Smart Window, a flexible
device which is opaque until subjected to an electric
field when it becomes transparent.

• The technology utilized in this device consists of a

layer of liquid crystals sandwiched between two
flexible electrodes consisting of a flexible polymer
and graphene ; the electric field aligns the light-
scattering liquid crystals to reveal a transparent
background with a decal embedded in the middle.
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• Current OLED technologies utilize indium tin

oxide counter electrodes which are brittle and in
short supply in the world.
• Such devices are speculated such as Samsung .
The applications of such technology include
flexible touch screens for mobile and tablet
devices.
Synthesis of Graphene:
• The process of extracting graphene based on desired
size and quality is regarded as synthesis of graphene.
So far, numerous approaches to synthesis of graphene
and graphene derivatives have been established.
Generally, graphene synthesis methods for large scale
production, including single layer graphene (SLG),
bilayer graphene, and few layer graphene (FLG) can be
broadly classified into two types:
• 1) top-down process
• 2) bottom-up process
Top-Down Process

A: Mechanical Exfoliation :
Mechanical exfoliation is the first established method of extraction
of graphene flakes on a substrate .In nanotechnology, it is a top-
down method of graphene synthesis, by which a stress (longitudinal
)is applied to layered graphite surface using a simple adhesive tape
(scotch tape) or AFM tip. This method requires an external force of
about ~300 nNμm−2 to separate a single graphene layer from
graphite .Mechanical exfoliation can be achieved using several
agents including scotch tape electric field. First production of a
single layer graphene by Novoselove.Ruoff first produced thin
multilayered graphite with about 200 nm thickness by mechanical
exfoliation using AFM.
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• Novoselov utilized adhesive tape to produce single
graphene layer (thickness < 10 nm) by exfoliation from
1 mm thick HOPG mesa. Dispersed graphite flakes in
acetone was transferred onto a cleaned SiO2/Si
substrate. The problem with the exfoliation process is
scalability and reproducibility. Though it produces high
quality graphene layers, there is still a need for further
improvement to produce large-scale, high quality, and
defect-free graphene for use in nanotechnology.
B: Chemical Exfoliation
• Chemical exfoliation is another route to obtaining monolayer
graphene. This method involves production of suspension
which changes graphite to form graphene through the
formation of graphene-intercalated compounds (GICs). This
involves the introduction of alkali metals into a graphite
solution to increase the interlayer spacing, thereby reducing
the van der Waals forces between the layers and forming
GICs which are then dispersed in a liquid medium through
sonication to form single-layer graphene .Alkali metals are
the only choice of materials as they easily form GICs on
reaction with graphite due to the difference in ionization
potential between graphite and alkali metals.
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• Potassium graphite (KC8) intercalated compound was
formed when potassium reacted with graphite at 200˚C
under inert atmosphere. Dispersion of the GIC in
aqueous ethanol (CH3CH2OH) resulted in an exothermic
reaction as shown in and produced GNP.
KC8+CH3CH2OH 8C+KOCH2CH3+1/2H2
Graphene synthesis through chemical exfoliation is
important and unique as it can produce a large amount of
graphene at a low temperature.
Bottom-up Process
Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on SiC Surface:
• Epitaxial thermal synthesis of graphene on the surface
of single-crystalline silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the
well-known synthesis techniques. The term “epitaxy” is
a method that allows the deposition of a single-
crystalline film (epitaxial film) on a single-crystal
substrate. When an epitaxial film is of the same
material as the substrate, it is known as homoepitaxial
layer, and if the epitaxial film and the substrate have
different material, then an heteroepitaxial film is
formed.
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• Epitaxial growth on SiC forms an heteroepitaxial layer of
single-layer graphite or graphene. In 1975, Bommel first
reported heat treatment between 1000˚C and 1500˚C under
ultra high pressure produced graphite on both polar planes of
SiC.
• Using the same thermal decomposition method, they
fabricated 1 to 2 layers of epitaxial graphene on the (0001)
face of 6H-SiC . Synthesized epitaxial graphene on SiC
although had high quality, they could not be transferred to
other substrates. Epitaxial growth of graphene on SiC is very
promising due to its scalability, best electronic properties,
and especially due to its high-quality graphene.
Properties of Graphene:
1. Chemical properties
2. Magnetic properties
3. Biological properties
Chemical properties:
• Graphene has a theoretical specific surface area (SSA)
of 2630 m^2/g. This is much larger than that reported
to date for carbon black (typically smaller
than 900 m^2/g) or for carbon nanotubes (CNTs), from
≈100 to 1000 m^2/g and is similar to activated
carbon. Graphene is the only form of carbon (or solid
material) in which every atom is available for chemical
reaction from two sides (due to the 2D structure).
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• Graphene burns at very low temperatures (e.g., 350 °C
(620 K)).Graphene is commonly modified with oxygen-
and nitrogen-containing functional groups and analyzed
by infrared spectroscopy and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
• single-layer graphene is a hundred times more
chemically reactive than thicker multilayer sheets.
Magnetic properties:
• Graphene exhibits spintronic and magnetic properties
concurrently.Low-defect graphene Nano-meshes,
fabricated using a non-lithographic approach, exhibit
significant ferromagnetism even at room temperature.
• Charge-neutral graphene has demonstrated
magnetoresistance exceeding 100% in magnetic fields
generated by standard permanent magnets
(approximately 0.1 tesla), marking a record magneto
resistivity at room temperature among known materials.
Magnetic substrate:
• In 2010, researchers magnetized graphene by
producing it via CVD on the Ni(111) substrate and then
in 2014 by placing it on an atomically smooth layer of
magnetic yttrium iron garnet, maintaining graphene's
electronic properties unaffected.
• The dopant's presence negatively affected its electronic
properties.
Biological properties:
• Different cell lines react differently when exposed to
graphene, and it has been shown that the lateral size of
the graphene flakes, the form and surface chemistry
can elicit different biological responses on the same cell
line.
• There are indications that graphene has promise as a
useful material for interacting with neural cells; studies
on cultured neural cells show limited success.
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• Graphene can be used in biosensors; in 2015,
researchers demonstrated that a graphene-based
sensor can be used to detect a cancer risk biomarker. In
particular, by using epitaxial graphene on silicon
carbide, they were repeatedly able to detect 8-
hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a DNA damage
biomarker.
Conclusion
• The structure, properties, and applications of graphene
are discussed. Graphene is considered as one of the
most attractive functional nanomaterials in the world
due to its excellent unique properties such as high
tensile strength, high electrical conductivity, high
carrier mobility, high elasticity, high
thermal conductivity and optical transparency of about
97%.
• In 2004, graphene has enticed a wide array of
applications in different fields like transistors, solar
cells, and supercapacitors, which have attracted a lot of
attention among scientists and engineers around the
References
• S. Bharech, R.J.J.M.S.M.E. Kumar, A review on the
properties and applications of graphene. 2015. 2(10): p.
70.
• Google Scholar
• [2]K. Spyrou, P.J.F.o.g. Rudolf, An introduction to
graphene. 2014: p. 1-20.
Thank you