Chapter Three

Kinetics of particles
Kinetics of particles
• It is the study of the relations existing
between the forces acting on body, the mass
of the body, and the motion of the body.
• It is the study of the relation between
unbalanced forces and the resulting motion.
• Newton ’s first law and third law are sufficient

for studying bodies at rest (statics) or bodies

in motion with no acceleration.

• When a body accelerates ( change in velocity

magnitude or direction) Newton ’s second law

is required to relate the motion of the body to

the forces acting on it.

Force, mass and acceleration
• Newton ’s Second Law: If the resultant force
acting on a particle is not zero the particle will
have an acceleration proportional to the
magnitude of resultant and in the direction of
the resultant.
• The basic relation between force and
acceleration is found in Newton's second law
of motion and its verification is entirely
experimental.
• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces

F1 F2 F
 ...  const
a1 a2 a

• We conclude that the constant is a measure of

some property of the particle that does not
change.
• This property is the inertia of the particle which is its
resistance to rate of change of velocity.
• The mass m is used as a quantitative measure of inertia,
and therefore the experimental relation becomes,
F=ma
• This relation provides a complete formulation of Newton's
second law; it expresses not only that the magnitude F and
a are proportional but also that the vector F and a have the
same direction.
Equation of motion and solution of problems
• When a particle of mass m acted upon by several forces.
The Newton’s second law can be expressed by the equation

F ma

• To determine the acceleration we must use the analysis

used in kinematics, i.e
• Rectilinear motion
• Curvilinear motion
Rectilinear Motion
• If we choose the x-direction, as the
direction of the rectilinear motion of a
particle of mass m, the acceleration in the
y and z direction will
 Fbe zero, i.e
x ma x

F y
0
F z 0
 • Generally,
F x
ma x
F y
ma y
F Z
maZ

• Where the acceleration and resultant force are

given by
a a xi  a y j  a z k  F F i  F j  F k
x y z

 F   F   ( F )  ( Fz ) 2
2 2 2 2
a  ax  a y  az x y
2
Curvilinear motion
• In applying Newton's second law, we shall
make use of the three coordinate descriptions
of acceleration in curvilinear motion.
Rectangular coordinates
F x max
F y ma y
 
Where ax x anda y y
Normal and tangential coordinate
F n man
F t mat
 2 v2 

• Where an    

, at v
Polar coordinates
F r mar
 F ma
  2   

• Where ar  r  r  and an r   2 r 
Examples
Example 1 Newton’s Second Law (Rectilinear Motion)
• A particle of mass m=5kg is subjected to a force F=20N. Find
its acceleration.
Example 2 Motion with Friction
• A block of mass m=10kg is pulled on a rough horizontal surface (μk​=0.3)
by a force F=50N. Find its acceleration.
Example 3
• Inclined Plane Motion
A block of mass m=2 kgm=2kg slides down a
frictionless inclined plane at θ=30∘θ=30∘.
Find its acceleration.
work and kinetic energy
• The method of work and energy directly relates with
force, mass, velocity, and displacement.
• We apply this method:
 When intervals of motion are involved where the change in
velocity or the corresponding displacement of the particle
is occoured.

• Integration of the forces with respect to the displacement

of the particle leads to the equation of work and energy.
 Work of Force
 
dU F  dr
dU Fds cos 
     
   
dU  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  d x i  d y j  d z k
Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
 A2
 
U 1 2  F  dr
A1
s2 s2

U 1 2  F cos  ds Ft ds

s1 s1
A2

U 1 2  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz 
A1
Work of a constant force in rectilinear motion

U 1 2 F cos  x

 Work of the Force of Gravity

dU  Wdy
y2

U 1 2  Wdy Wy
y1
1  Wy 2

U 1 2  W ( y 2  y1 )  Wy

When y is negative (moves down), the work is

positive
Work of the Force Exerted by a Spring
F kx
dU  Fdx  kxdx
x2
1 2 1 2
U 1 2  
x1
kxdx 
2
kx1 
2
kx2

1
U 1 2  F1  F2 x
2
If the spring returning to the
undeformed position, then positive
energy
Work of a gravitational Force

Mm
F G
r2
Mm
dU  Fdr  G dr
r2
r2
GMm GMm GMm
U 1 2  
r1
r 2
dr 
r2

r1
Kinetic Energy of a Particle
dv dv ds dv
Ft mat m m mv
dt ds dt ds
Ft ds mvdv
s2 v2
1 1
Ft ds m vdv 
s1 v1
2
mv22 
2
mv12

U 1 2 T2  T1
T1  U 1 2 T2
 Power and Efficiency
• Friction energy dissipated by heat
and reduce kinetic energy

dU F  dr 
power   F  v
dt dt
power output

power input
 Potential Energy y2

U 1 2  Wdy Wy
y1
1  Wy 2

U 1 2 (Vg )1  (Vg ) 2
Vg Wy
Potential Energy of the body with
respect to the force of gravity

When Vg2 >Vg1potential energy increases, and

U 1-2 is negative
it should be noted that the expression just obtained for the potential energy of a
body with respect to gravity is valid only as long as the weight of body can be
assumed to remain constant, i.e, as long as the displacements of the body are
small compared with the radius of the earth.

r2
GMm GMm GMm
U 1 2  
r1
r2
dr 
r2

r1
Mm WR 2
Vg G 
r r

R is from the center of the

earth
 x2
1 2 1 2
U 1 2  
x1
kxdx 
2
kx1 
2
kx2

U 1 2 (Ve )1  (Ve ) 2
1
Ve  kx 2
2

Potential Energy of the

body with respect to the
elastic force F
Only the initial and final deflection
of the spring are needed
Deflection of the spring is measured
from its undeformed position
Example:1
A force of 50 N pushes a box 10 m horizontally. The
angle between the force and displacement is 0°.
Calculate the work done by constant force.
Example:2
A 5 kg box is lifted 2 m upward. What is the Work Done
Against Gravity (Lifting an Object).
Example:3
A 10 kg object moves at 4 m/s. calculate the kinetic
energy.
Example:4
A 2 kg object accelerates from 3 m/s to 6 m/s due to an
applied force. What is the Kinetic Energy (KE) of a
Moving Object.
Example:5
A 10 kg box slides 5 m on a surface with μk​=0.2.
do the Work Done by Friction (Negative Work)
Impulse and momentum
• Work and energy is obtained by integrating
the equation of F=ma with respect to the
displacement of the particle.
• Impulse and momentum can be generated
by integrating the equation of motion
(F=ma) with respect to time.
 Linear impulse and
momentum
• Consider a particle of a mass m
which is subjected to several forces
in space. d
 F mv  dt
(mv) or  F G ............(1)

• The product of the mass & the

velocity is defined as the linear
momentum.
G mv
• Equation (1) states that the resultant of all
forces acting on a particle equals its time
rate of change of linear momentum.
• It is valid as long as the mass m of the
particle is not changing with time.
• The scalar components of equation (1) are:
F x
G x , F
y G y , F
z G z
• The scalar component of angular
momentum is:-
H o r mv m(v z y  v y z )i  m(v x z  v z x) j  m(v y x  v x y )k
i j k
H o m x y z
vx vy vz
H x m(v z y  v y z ), H y m(v x z  v z x) H z m(v y x  v x y )
• If F represents the resultant of all forces acting on the
particles P, the moment Mo about the origin O is the vector
cross product. M o r  F r mv
H o r mv  r mv  v mv  r mv
 M H ..............(*)
o o

• The moment about the fixed point O of all forces acting on M

equals the time rate of change of angular momentum of M
about O.
• To obtain the effect of moment  M on
o the angular
momentum of the particle over a finite period of time;
t2

 M
t1
o dt H o2  H o1 H o

where H o2 r 2 mv 2 & H o1 r 1 mv1

• The product of moment & time is angular impulse the

total angular impulse on M about a fixed point O
equals the corresponding
t
change in angular
2

H o1 O. M o dt H o2
momentum of M about
t1
Conservation of angular
momentum
• If the resultant moment about a fixed point O of
all forces acting on a particle is zero during the
interval of time, equation (*) requires that its

angular momentum H0 about that point remains

H o 0 or H o1 H o2
constant.
Impact
Impact
• Refers to the collision b/n two bodies
and is characterized by the generation
of relatively large contact forces that
act over a very short interval of time.
Direct central impact
• Consider the collinear motion of two spheres of
masses m1 and m2 travelling with velocities V1 & V2. If
V1 is greater than V2, collision occurs with the contact
forces directed along the line of centers.
• In as much as the contact forces are
equal & opposite during impact; the
linear momentum of the system
remains unchanged.
m1v1  m2 v2 m1v1 'm2 v2 '
• For given masses & initial conditions, the momentum
equation contains two unknowns, v1’ & v2’, an
additional relationship is required.
• The relationship must reflect the capacity of the
contacting bodies to recover from the impact & can be
expressed by the ratio e of the magnitude of the
restoration impulse to the magnitude of the
deformation impulse. This ratio is called the coefficient
of restitution.
• Fr – contact force during restoration period

• Fd –t contact force during deformation

Fr dt
m  v '  vo  vo  v1 '
period
t
e t  1 1
o
 ............... for particle 1
o
m1  vo   v1  v1  vo
Fd dt
t
t

F dt
t
r
m2 v2 ' vo  v2 ' vo
e  too   ..................... for particle 2
m2 vo  v2  vo  v2
F dt
t
d
• According to classical theory of impact, the value
e=1 means that the capacity of the two particles
to recover equal their tendency to deform.
• The value e=0, on the other hand describes
inelastic or plastic impact where the particles
cling together after collision & the loss of energy
is a maximum.
b) Oblique central impact
• Here the initial and final velocities are not parallel.
• The spherical particles of mass m1 & m2 have initial
velocities v1 & v2 in the same plane & approach each
other on a collision course.
• The direction of the velocity vector are measured from
the direction tangent to the contacting surfaces.
 v1 n  v1 sin 1 , v1 t v1 cos1 ,
v2 n  v2 sin  2 , v2 t v2 cos 2 ,

There will be four unknown namely, (v1’)n, (v1’)t, (v2’)n, & (v2’)t
1) Momentum of the system is conserved in the n-direction,

2) & 3) The momentum for each particle is conserved in the t-

direction since there is no impulse on either particle in the t-
direction m1 (v1 ) t m1 (v1 ' ) t
m2 (v2 ) t m2 (v2 ' ) t
3) the coefficient of restitution, the velocity component in
the n- direction,

v2 'n  v1 'n

e
v1 n  v2 n
Example 1
• A car of mass 1000 kg moves at 20 m/s. What
is its momentum?
Example 2
• A ball (0.5 kg) initially moves at 10 m/s and
bounces back at 8 m/s. What is its change in
momentum?
Example 3
• A tennis racket exerts an average force of 500
N on a ball for 0.02 s. What impulse is
delivered?
Example 4
• A hockey puck (0.16 kg) slides at 5 m/s and is
hit by a stick, making it move at 10 m/s in the
opposite direction. If the stick was in contact
for 0.1 s, what was the average force applied?
Example 5
• A 1000 kg car moving at 20 m/s collides with a

stationary 1500 kg truck, and they stick

together. What is their final velocity?

Example 6
• A 2 kg ball moving at 3 m/s collides elastically
with a 1 kg ball at rest. Find their velocities
after the collision.
Example 7
• A 0.5 kg ball strikes a wall at 10 m/s, 30° to
the normal, and rebounds elastically. Find the
impulse exerted by the wall.
Example 8
• The 2Kg sphere is projected horizontally with velocity of 10m/s
against the 10kg carriage that is backed up by the spring with
a stiffness of 1600N/m. The carriage is initially at rest with the
spring uncompressed. If the coefficient of restitution is 0.6,
calculate the rebound velocity v’, the rebound angle, and the
maximum travel δ of the carriage after impact.