System modelling

Model
 A model is a representation of a physical object, process or system.
 The model may be physical or mathematical and closely replicates
the object or process.
 Models are an essential tool for engineers.
 When developing a new product it is critical to assess its behavior in
various situations helping understand processes and determine
optimal solutions.
 Models can be real (scale models) or virtual. Computers nowadays
allow us to develop complex models
 The process to create a model is called modelling.
 The larger and more complex the system becomes, the more
important modelling becomes
 A model may be structural, emphasizing the organization of the system,
or it may be behavioral, emphasizing the dynamics of the system.
 System modelling
 System modelling is the process of developing abstract models of a
system with model presenting a different view or perspective of that
system.
 Systems modelling or system modelling is the interdisciplinary study
of the use of models to conceptualize and construct systems in
business and IT development.
 Simply put a model is a simplification of reality.

 System modelling can relate to:

 the use of model to conceptualize and construct systems
 the interdisciplinary study of the use of these models
 the systems modelling, analysis, and design efforts
 the systems modelling and simulation
 any specific systems modelling language
 Why do we model?

 To better understand the system, we are developing.

 To help visualize a system as it is or as we want it to be.

 To permit us to specify the structure or behavior of a system.

 To give us a template that guides us in constructing a system.

 To document the decisions, we have made.

 Features of a System Model:

To construct a model, the engineers should

consider a number of restraining factors-
Assumptions
 simplifications
 limitations
 constraints
preferences
 Assumptions

 It enables a model to reflect the problem

in a reasonable manner by reducing the
number of possible permutations and
variations.
 Example: Representation of 3D human
forms
 Simplifications

That enables the model to be created in a

timely manner.
Example: A System Engineer is modelling
the needs of the service organizational
and is working to understand the flow of
information that spawns a service order.
 Limitations

 That helps to bind the system.

 Example: An aircraft avionics system is
being modelled for future aircraft. If the
aircraft will be a two-engine design, the
monitoring domain for driving force will be
modelled to accommodate a maximum of
two engines and associative redundant
system.
 Constraints

 That will guide the manner in which the model is created

and the approach taken when the model is implemented.
 Example: Suppose a system for the 3D-rendering describes
previously is a singleG4 based processor so computational
complexity of problems must be constrained to fit within
processing bounds imposed by the processor.
 Types of systems modelling

Systems are modelled with different scopes and scales of

complexity, such as:
 Functional modelling
 Systems architecture
 Business process modelling
 Enterprise modelling
Further more like systems thinking, systems modelling in can be
divided into:
 Systems analysis
 Hard systems modelling or operational research modelling
 Soft system modelling
 Process based system modelling
 Computer networks performance
modelling and simulation
 Modelling and simulation (M&S) are attractive and widely used techniques
for the study of the performance of computer networks.
 They provide detailed results without disturbing network operation or
even without the need of network availability.
 Computer networks are discrete-event systems and so discrete-event
simulation has been highlighted as the most common simulation
technique for executing computer network models.
 Random number generation, event-driven or process-based simulation,
and parallel discrete-event simulation are important techniques related
to discrete-event simulation covered in the chapter.
 Confidence in simulation results is only possible if the models are
validated against the real systems and the simulation algorithms are
verified against the models, so conditions for both have been detailed.
 Simulation modelling

 Simulation modelling is the process of creating

and analyzing a digital prototype of a physical
model to predict its performance in the real world.
 Simulation modelling is used to help designers
and engineers understand whether, under what
conditions, and in which ways a part could fail
and what loads it can withstand.
 It analyses the approximate working conditions
by applying the simulation software.
 Optimization, Modelling and Simulation

 Sometimes models are created so designers discover answers to specific design problems,
and in other circumstances, they’re used to simulate how the model performs in different
situations.
 Development of modelling software allowed engineers to more readily explore model
performance using virtual modelling.
 The key difference between modelling and simulation is that optimization modelling provides
a definite recommendation for action in a specific situation, while simulation allows users to
determine how a system responds to different inputs so as to better understand how it
operates.
 The differences between optimization modelling and simulation can come in handy at times.
While optimization modelling will recommend specific strategies, simulation can be used for
optimizing scenario planning and help answer what-if questions.
 In simulation, an analyst runs multiple scenarios to predict how a system or process
performs under different conditions, and it's the basis for predictive analytics.
 Modelling, also known as optimization modelling differs in that it can determine a specific,
optimal or best outcome of a specific scenario. This is known as prescribing an outcome,
hence the name prescriptive analytics.
Basics of computer network simulation
Simulation
 Simulation refers to two specific processes: that of representing
how a system functions by creating a representation of the system
or the examination of a problem by simulating a real-life situation.
 In other words, it relates to a study of the behavior and
performance of a real-world system through testing a theoretical,
mathematical or physical representation of the system.
 Through the application of different conditions, it's possible to
discover and understand how a real-life system performs.
 Simulation is used to gain insight into how the system performs
under different scenarios.
 Network Simulation
 In computer network research, network simulation is a technique
whereby a software program replicates the behavior of a real network.
This is achieved by calculating the interactions between the different
network entities such as routers, switches, nodes, access points, links,
etc.
 Nowadays, the advancement in wireless technology has been
increasing rapidly. In computer networks, the unproven protocols
cannot be initiated on a large scale because of the indecision of its
successful result.
Network to be simulated
 Network Simulation cont…

 So, the latest protocols are tested through analytical modelling

otherwise simulation tools. If the latest protocols show good results after
the simulation, then the protocols will be executed in the real world.
 Network simulation is the common and most useful method, used to
calculate various network topologies exclusive of real-world
implementation. These are extensively utilized by the research
community to estimate new theories & hypotheses.
 Most simulators use discrete event simulation in which the modelling of
systems in which state variables change at discrete points in time. The
behaviour of the network and the various applications and services it
supports can then be observed in a test lab; various attributes of the
environment can also be modified in a controlled manner to assess how
the network/protocols would behave under different conditions.
 Network Simulator

 Software that is used to predict the performance of a

computer network is known as a network simulator.
 These are used when communication networks have
turned into too difficult for fixed analytical techniques
to offer a precise understanding of system
performance.
 In a simulator, the computer network can be molded
with the help of links, devices and applications and
the performance of a network can be reported.
 These are available by using new networks and
technologies which are used today like IoT, 5G,
WLANs, ad hoc networks of mobile, WSNs, LTE, ad
hoc networks of vehicles, etc.
 Network Emulation

 This is one kind of method used to test the act of real

applications over a virtual network.
 This is dissimilar compare with network simulation wherever
only mathematical form of traffic, channels, protocols and
network models are applied.
 The main function of this is to assess performance, estimate
the impact of change, and otherwise optimize decision-
making in technology.
Advantages of Network Simulation

 The main advantage of a simulator is to

provide practical feedback to the users
while designing real-world systems.
 They allow the designers of the system
to study trouble at numerous abstraction
levels. These are used in an effective
way which means to teach otherwise
demonstrate the concepts to students.
Network Simulation Tools & Softwares

 GNS3+
 Cisco Packet Tracer
 Putty
 Secure CRT
 Microsoft Visio
 PRTG Network Monitor
 WIRESHARK
 EVE-NG
 Network Simulator -NS3
 SNMP Agent Simulator
 GNS3 – Graphical Network System 3

 Graphical Network System 3 (GNS 3) is Network Simulation/Emulation

Tool & Software, and it is a kind of Virtual Network in a Suitcase.
 GNS3 can simulate the complex network and scenarios and supports the
combination of virtual and real network devices.
 GNS3 is one of the best network simulation tools to build, design,
configure, and test your network scenarios in a completely risk-free
virtual environment.
 GNS3 network simulation tool is available for Windows, Linux & Mac.

Download Link https://www.gns3.com/software/dow

Tool Major nload
Design and Configure
Objective
 Cisco Packet Tracer
 Cisco Packet Tracer is a dominant network simulation tool built by Cisco Systems.
 You can make a simple or complex network inside the Packet tracer to
create, plan, configure, and test your network scenarios in a completely
virtual ecosystem.
 This Network Simulation tool allows users to create network topologies and
imitate those in modern computer networks.
 Packet Tracer is one of the most famous Networks Simulation software
among networking aspirants and beginners. It is used actively during the
Cisco CCNA Certification Training.
 Cisco Packet Tracer

Name Cisco Packet Tracer

Official
Website https://www.netacad.com/courses/p
Download acket-tracer
Link https://www.netacad.com/courses/p
acket-tracer

Tool Major
Objective Design and Configure