LET'S RECAP!

✓ Review about what is Human Geography.

✓ What are the Primary Field of Human Geography that

we already discussed?
Guess the Picture!
What is Population
Geography?
Population Geography

- is the study of ways in which spatial variations

in the distribution, composition, migration, and
growth of populations are related to their
environment or location.
Questions

I. Why do we need to study ' Population ' ?

II. Why do we need to know ' Population ' ?
III. Why do we need to understand ' Population ' ?
Topics:

• Human Population: A Global Perspective

• Population Parameters and Processes
• Human Migration
• Population Structure and Composition
• Population and Sustainability
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
• Sometime in October of 1999 the world's population reached 6
billion people.

• It is hard to comprehend a number like 6 billion, but even dizzying

numbers do little to illustrate the immensity and diversity of the
human endeavor here on earth.
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
• Perhaps even more astounding than the sheet of people alive
today is the rate at which human population has increased during
the past 200 years.

• According to the United Nation Population Divisions, It wasn't

until 1804 that world population reached 1 billion.
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

• It took just 123 years for that population to double, reaching 2

billion by 1927 and doubled again until it reached 6 billion by
2000.

• Projection indicate that the world population will reach 7 billion

by 2013.
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

• 1 billion (1804),
• 2 billion (1927),
• 4 billion (1974),
• 6 billion (1999).
• 8 billion ( 2013 )
The Staggering Numbers
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
• Staggering Human Population Growth is one of the defining
characteristic of our present era in World History ;

• It is also one of the most important issues in all of human

geography.
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

• To explain this amazing and rapid growth, and to begin to

understand it's implications, we must ask difficult questions
about politics, culture, economics, and history.
 HUMAN POPULATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Following questions;

• Why is the population growing so quickly?

• Which areas are growing fastest?
• What effects has this growth had on social and ecological
systems?
• And, what can we expect in terms of future growth?
Which areas are growing
Fastest?
 Which areas are growing Fastest?

• On global scale, Human population shows several district

geographic characteristics.

• First, Approximately 80% of the world population lives in

the LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
 Less Developed Countries

• also called Less-economically developed countries

( LEDCs )

• As defined by United Nation, are low-income countries with

low level of human assets and high vulnerability to economic
shocks.
 Less Developed Countries
The countries that are include in LDCs are in,
• Africa
• Asia(excluding Japan)
• Latin America
• Island nation of the Caribbean and Pacific

Two countries that hold together about one-third of the

world current population,
• China
• India
Less Developed Countries
 Less Developed Countries

• Less-developed countries also contain the fastest growing

population.
• Approximately 80 million people that were being added to the
world's population each year during the 1990s,
• 95% lived in the less-developed countries
• People are also living longer
Less Developed Countries
 Less Developed Countries
• During the past 50 years, the Global average life expectancy
has increased by 20 years from 45 to 65.
• In the less-developed countries, where most people reside, the
basic equation is relatively simple-

" The more babies are being born and people are living longer ,
the more the population will increased/ grow continuosly. "
Less Developed Countries
Population Growth is

Compounded?
 Population Growth is Compounded?

• Population growth, like compound interest, follows an

exponential pattern where the growth rate is applied to
the current population, leading to accelerated growth
over time.
 Population Growth is Compounded?
• The formula for calculating population growth, similar
to compound interest, is: P = P₀ * (1 + r)^t, where:

• P = future population size

• P₀ = initial population size
• r = growth rate (as a decimal)
• t = number of periods (years)
 " 3% Growth rate? Thats not too
much?!
For example,

• if you live in a country with a population of 1 million

people, after one year, the population will grow by 3%
for a total of 1,030,000.
 Doubling Time

• In fact, one of the most surprising implication of this

concept is that, at a 3% growth rate, the time it will take for
a population to double, known simply as Doubling time.

• Growth rate currently exceed 3% in the part of sub-saharan

and tropical Africa, in Middle East, and Central America.
 The study of human populations, or demography, is not static because the
world’s population will not keep growing forever.

 Most demographers, or people who study population, agree that growth is

already showing signs of slowing down. Many current models based on
demographic data predict that the world’s population will plateau at around
12 billion people sometime in the 21st century.
 Some of the most recent predictions have population leveling off even lower, at
about 9 billion people by the end of this century. In the future, as now, most of the
people on earth will be living in Africa or Asia.
 Human population has generally shown steady and rapid growth
throughout history.
 Events and environmental limitations have periodically checked population
growth.
 Technological advancements have allowed humanity to overcome many of
these limitations, contributing to continued population growth.
 The Black Death (1300s) and the Irish Potato Famine (1845) drastically
reduced populations.
 Earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes also significantly impact
population size.
 Epidemic disease has been the most effective force in limiting
population growth.
  The introduction of Old World diseases (like smallpox) by European explorers
and settlers devastated indigenous populations in the Americas and Pacific
Islands, contributing to the collapse of native cultures.

 AIDS is significantly impacting Sub-Saharan Africa, causing increased death

rates and hindering population growth. In 1999, over 23 million people were
infected, with millions more becoming infected annually.
 He devastating effects of AIDS may severely limit future population growth in
Sub-Saharan Africa, despite its previously rapid growth rate.
POPULATION PARAMETERS
AND PROCESSES
 POPULATION PARAMETERS AND PROCESSES

 Population processes are analyzed using key parameters to understand

population history and future trends.
 One such statistic is the total fertility rate (TFR), which is a measure of the
average number of children born to a woman over her entire life. Fertility rates
vary both over time and between places in response to a number of factors that
affect women’s lives.
 High infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, particularly in less-developed
countries (exceeding 10% infant mortality in some cases), significantly impact
population growth.
 Life expectancy varies greatly based on location and factors like violence,
healthcare access, and disease. Differences are illustrated by comparing life
expectancies of African-American and Anglo-American males in the US in 1996
 Each of the parameters described here can be encapsulated withAin two
aggregate variables, the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR),
which are statistical terms that refer to the number of live births and deaths,
respectively, per thousand people.
 The difference between the CBR and CDR is called the natural increase rate
(NIR). This term is a bit misleading because there is nothing really “natural”
about natural increase and because natural “increase” can be either positive or
negative.
 A negative increase rate indicates that the number of babies being born is not
high enough to make up for deaths and, as a result, the population is declining.
It is also important to recognize that the NIR is an internal measure that does
not account for migration into or out of a country.
  Several developed countries (North America, Japan, Europe, Australia/New
Zealand) are experiencing negative or very low natural population increase
rates; in some cases, populations are declining due to aging populations and
higher death rates than birth rates. Immigration is offsetting this in some
developed countries.
 Even in developing countries (Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia), natural population
growth rates are slowing.
 Even in developing countries (Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia), natural population
growth rates are slowing.
What determines a population’s
natural increase rate?
 The following factors are considered important in determining a
population’s rate of natural increase.

 Economic development has profound implications on the quality of available

healthcare, employment opportunities, nutrition, and many other factors that
affect population growth. Generally, increases in economic development lead to
decreases in fertility and growth rate.
 Education affects every aspect of population growth, from fertility rates to
prenatal care to the use of contraception. Populations with better education tend
to have lower fertility rates and lower rates of natural increase.

 Gender empowerment refers to the relative status and opportunities

available to women in a given population. When women have more
economic and political access, power, and education, fertility rates
inevitably drop.
 Healthcare can have contradictory effects on the rate of natural increase. Improved
healthcare in the less-developed countries has decreased the infant mortality rate and
increased the life expectancy, thus contributing to population growth. Conversely, the
same healthcare services are often effective at providing desperately needed
contraception and family planning education.
 Cultural traditions in many parts of the world encourage high fertility rates by limiting
women’s employment opportunities outside of the home, by elevating motherhood to a high
post and deterring women from doing anything else, or by discouraging the use of
contraception.
 Public policy can have important implications for population growth in places
like China, where the “one couple, one child” program, initiated in 1979,
provides economic incentives favoring families who have fewer children and
legal penalties for those who have too many.
 Countries with low economic development, education, and gender
empowerment, combined with improved healthcare and pro-fertility cultural
traditions and a lack of population control policies, tend to have the highest
population growth rates. These are often found in sub-Saharan Africa, parts of
the Middle East, and Latin America.

 Population growth is not indefinite. A significant amount of research focuses on

understanding when and at what level populations will stabilize. Population
geographers use the demographic accounting equation to predict future population
size.
 Demographic Accounting Equation: This equation predicts future population size
by using current population, births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. The birth
and death components represent the natural increase rate.

 While seemingly simple, the equation's accuracy is affected by the variability

of its components (CBR, CDR, and migration) across both geography and time.
These variables change significantly over time and location, making precise
predictions challenging.
 HUMAN
MIGRATION
 Migration is defined as a long-term move from one political jurisdiction to
another, encompassing movements within a country or across continents.
Emigration is leaving a homeland; immigration is arriving in a new one.

Immigrants from less-developed countries increasingly make up a significant

portion of more-developed countries' populations. This significantly impacts the
accuracy of demographic accounting equations for population prediction.
Factors cause people to migrate:
Political Issues: Armed conflict, oppressive regimes, and persecution have
historically caused mass migrations (e.g., Pilgrims, forced removal of Native
Americans).
- Job opportunities, economic cycles, and cost of living are major drivers of
migration.

Economic Factors: Job opportunities, economic downturns, and high cost of

living are major drivers. Examples include early 20th-century European
immigration to US cities, later retirement migration to warmer states, the tech
boom in San Francisco, and rural-to-urban shifts due to agricultural changes.
Environmental Issues: Environmental degradation (drought, overgrazing)
forces migration in both developing (e.g., Africa) and developed (e.g., California)
countries. People often seek areas with better air quality, lower costs of living,
and less congestion.

Cultural Issues: People migrate to places with stronger cultural ties or access to
specific institutions. The post-WWII migration of Jews to Israel is a prime example,
driven by cultural connection, safety, and community rebuilding.
 Geographers analyze migration using push factors (negative conditions causing
people to leave a place, such as economic recession or lack of freedom) and
pull factors (positive attractions of a destination, such as job opportunities or
educational options).

 Migration can be voluntary (a choice based on push/pull factors; exemplified

by Mexican immigrants to the US) or forced (removal from one's home without
choice; exemplified by the displacement of Native Americans).
 Chain Migration: A type of voluntary migration where people follow others to a
new location, often creating distinct ethnic enclaves in cities. Family and social
networks play a key role.

 Even voluntary migration can face obstacles, such as national immigration

policies that restrict movement
 The Trail of Tears: Around 100,000 Native Americans (Cherokees, Chickasaws,
Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles) were forced to migrate west of the Mississippi
River in the 1830s. This route is known as the Trail of Tears. A map shows the
migration route from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern United States
to the High Plains.
1. The African Slave Trade: Between the 15th and 18th centuries, hundreds of
thousands of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas against their
will. A map illustrates the volume and routes of this transatlantic slave trade,
showing the destinations in the Americas (British North America, Spanish North
America, British Caribbean, Danish Caribbean, French Caribbean, Dutch
Caribbean, and Brazil).
The text highlights that those who survived the journey were condemned to a
life of bondage.

 Refugee : A refugee is someone forced to leave their home due to well-

founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group,
or political opinion. The 1951 Convention established this definition.
 Global Refugee Crisis (2002): Over 21 million refugees globally, with Africa
and Asia accounting for over two-thirds. Major source countries included
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Angola, and the Democratic
Republic of the Congo.
 US Internal Migration (Early 20th Century): Large-scale migration of African
Americans from the rural South to northern industrial cities (Northeast and
Midwest) due to racial oppression and lack of opportunity in the South.
 US Internal Migration (Mid-20th Century): Movement of white, middle-
class Americans from older industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest to the
South and West Coast, partially due to the decline of the "Rust Belt" industries.
 Short-term migrations for professional or personal reasons also significantly
impact population distribution within the US.
 Mid-20th Century Migration: Large-scale movement of white, middle-class
Americans from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West Coast (1960s-
70s).

 Rust Belt Decline: Northeast and Midwest industrial states (Ohio, Michigan,
Pennsylvania, etc.) experienced economic decline, factory closures, and job
losses, leading to the term "Rust Belt."
 Sun Belt Rise: The South and West Coast offered new high-tech jobs, pleasant
climates, and lower living costs, attracting migrants and fueling rapid economic
growth ("Sun Belt").

 Sun Belt States: The Sun Belt encompasses Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, North
Carolina, and parts of the Southwest (Texas, Arizona, Nevada, California). Rapid
growth occurred in major cities like Houston, Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix,
Las Vegas, Dallas, Miami, Tampa, Austin, and Nashville.
 Uneven Sun Belt Development: Some Southern and Western states (Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, New Mexico) benefited less from this growth.
 Shifted Political and Economic Power: California, Texas, and Florida became
three of the four most populous US states, wielding significant political and
economic influence due to their location in the Sun Belt. - Geographic Center
Shift: The US population's geographic center shifted significantly westward and
southward during the 20th century.

 Suburbanization: A major geographic phenomenon in the US, involving

migration from inner cities to surrounding suburbs.
 Causes of Suburbanization:

- Increased wealth among the middle class.

- Increased freedom and mobility due to cars and the interstate

highway system.

- Shifting social dynamics and ethnic composition of older cities.

 Impact of Suburbanization: Millions of Americans have moved to

suburbs since the mid-1940s. Suburbs tend to be more ethnically
homogeneous and car-dependent. Suburbanization has significantly altered
the social and ecological dynamics of nearly every urban area in the US.
POPULATION STRUCTURE
AND COMPOSITION
Thomas Malthus
 Thomas Malthus and his influential 1798
Essay on the Principle of Population.
Malthus based his argument on two claims:

 Humans require food for survival

 Humans have an inherent drive to reproduce
 He further noted a fundamental difference in the growth rates of food
production and population.

 Food production, he argued, increases arithmetically (linearly by

adding a constant amount each time), while population grows
geometrically (exponentially multiplying at an increasing rate).

 This exponential population growth, Malthus predicted, would

eventually surpass the capacity of food production, leading to
widespread famine and disease ("negative checks").
 Malthu's ideas have been revisited and debated extensively, notably by
Paul Ehrlich in his 1968 work, "The Population Bomb, which echoed
Malthus's concerns about resource limitations in the face of exponential
population growth.

 Firstly, Malthus underestimated the potential of agricultural

advancements in agriculture to dramatically increase food production.

 Second, Malthus failed to anticipate the impact of birth control and

changing social norms (like the changing roles of women) on
reproductive behavior, which would lead to slower population growth.

 Finally, he did not recognize that famine is usually related not to a

lack of food but to the unequal distribution of food.
 Demographic transition model provides
another interpretation of population growth.
According to this model, at low levels of
economic development, birth and death
rates will both be high, but births will
significantly outpace deaths.
 A population pyramid
shows how a country's
populace is distributed
between males and females
of various ages.

A population pyramid with a

triangular shape and a wide
base depicts a country that has
a high proportion of young
people and is growing rapidly.
 A population with a more
rectangular shape depicts a
population with a relatively
even number of young,
middle-aged , and older
people and is typical of
highly developed countries
with low growth rates.
 Some countries with declining indigenous
populations, such as france, have initiated pro- natalist
policies that encourage births.

 Other with high and increasing populations have

enacted anti- natalist the policies that discourage births.
 The baby boom generation is an example of a cohort
that has had a tremendous influence on american
culture, politics, and economics.

 The baby boom generation includes all americans

born between 1946 and 1964. After World War II,
which ended in 1945, the united states entered a period
of relative peace and economic prosperity.
 Generation X are those born between the years of
1965 and 1980.

 The term "Generation X" was coined by the offbeat

author and artist Douglas Coupland to describe a
generation without the overwhelming numbers and
unifying identity enjoyed by the baby boomers.
 POPULATION
AND
SUSTAINABILITY
 Population Density: A crucial factor in understanding population's
impact on people and the environment. Arithmetic density (people per unit
area) varies greatly across locations, being highest in urban areas and
lowest in harsh environments.

 Physiologic Density: This metric compares population to arable land,

particularly relevant in less-developed countries with subsistence
agriculture.
 Global Population Density: Highest densities are found in Eastern China,
Japan, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Western Europe, and the
northeastern US. Bangladesh and the Netherlands have the highest overall
densities. Within the US, major cities like New York and San Francisco
have the highest densities.

 Carrying Capacity: The number of individuals a given area can

sustainably support. It's a complex concept because resource consumption
varies, and technological/social changes alter resource demands. The
"limiting factor" (scarcest resource) determines carrying capacity.
 Overpopulation: A situation where a region exceeds its carrying capacity,
leading to various problems including resource depletion, inefficient
allocation of goods and services, and unsustainable land use. Defining
overpopulation is difficult due to the interplay of multiple factors.

 Perspectives on Overpopulation: Developed nations often focus on

population control (zero population growth) to address environmental and
social issues. Less-developed nations often blame overconsumption by
wealthier nations. The Indian delegation to the 1994 UN Conference
highlighted the disproportionate resource consumption of industrialized
nations.
 Las Vegas Example: Illustrates how rapid growth in arid regions can
quickly surpass carrying capacity, resulting in ecological degradation and
social/environmental problems.

 Industrialized Nations' Consumption: The industrialized world,

comprising about 20% of the global population, consumes a disproportionate
share of resources (energy, greenhouse gases, chlorofluorocarbons),
contributing significantly to environmental degradation.
 Complex Interlinkages: Population growth, poverty, environmental
degradation, and sustainable development are intricately linked, making
solutions challenging.

 Overpopulation Policies: Addressing overpopulation requires policy

initiatives, often involving fertility control or immigration restrictions.
These policies are heavily influenced by public perception and prevailing
ideologies.
 Ethical Dilemmas in Population Policy: Implementing population
control raises ethical questions about individual reproductive rights and
immigration policies. Determining sustainable population levels involves
complex considerations of living standards and consumption.

 China and India's Approaches: China's communist policies encourage

one-child families, while India's more democratic approach focuses on
education and family planning to influence birth rates. Both reflect cultural
and political contexts.
 Challenges of Population Policy: Population policy is controversial, with some
viewing it as a violation of human rights. Religious and cultural beliefs often
complicate efforts to limit population growth, as seen in predominantly Catholic
countries.
 Immigration Policy: Immigration policies are also contentious, with
concerns about their potential for inhumane treatment and the difficulty
of predicting public reaction to immigration.
 Population Geography's Complexity: Population geography is a broad
and complex field, requiring ongoing research and model refinement to
understand population dynamics and plan for the future. Many factors
beyond population size influence outcomes.
 Complexity: Population geography is a broad and complex field,
requiring ongoing research and model refinement to understand
population dynamics and plan for the future. Many factors beyond
population size influence outcomes.
THANK YOU!
Members:
Lyn- lyn Costin
Jaica Shane Esco
Jeah Tiu
Honeyclear Carrozo
Darrel Cabuyoc
Jasmine Balaga
Juliana Marie Mandras
Joleah Matol