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IG 生物 Ch2

Chapter 2 discusses the organization of organisms, focusing on cell structure and the differences between animal and plant cells, including specialized cells and their functions. It covers key organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes, as well as the levels of organization from cells to systems. The chapter concludes with information on calculating the size of specimens using magnification.

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1 views26 pages

IG 生物 Ch2

Chapter 2 discusses the organization of organisms, focusing on cell structure and the differences between animal and plant cells, including specialized cells and their functions. It covers key organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes, as well as the levels of organization from cells to systems. The chapter concludes with information on calculating the size of specimens using magnification.

Uploaded by

wdcliux
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2 ORGANISATION OF THE

ORGANISMS
ROXY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand the cell structure
2. Explain the structure and function of specialised cells
3. Calculate the size of specimens
2.1 CELL STRUCTURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL & PLANT CELLS

 Common structures:
 Nucleus
 Nucleolus
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Different structures (plants):
 Cell wall
 Chloroplast (chlorophyll)
 Vacuoles
FUNCTION OF CELL STRUCTURE

 Nucleus (nucleolus):
 Control all activities in the cells
 Contain DNA as genetic material
 Cytoplasm:
 Site of chemical reactions
 E.g. Respiration, make proteins
 Cell membrane:
 A barrier to control substance in and out
 Partially permeable membrane*
FUNCTION OF CELL STRUCTURE

 Chloroplast:
 Contain chlorophyll
 Do photosynthesis
 Cell wall:
 Structural support of the cell
 Stop cells from bursting
 Vacuole:
 Full of water to maintain the shape of cell
 Stores salts and sugars
CELL
ORGANELLES
 Cells contain small
structures present in
the cytoplasm of the
cell, which called
organelles:
 Mitochondria
 Ribosomes on
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum…
MITOCHONDRIA
 Mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic cells.
(5um)
 Structure:
 Double membrane
 Outer membrane to control substances in and
out
 Inner membrane forms folds for aerobic
respiration***
 Functions:
 Cell needs mitochondria for aerobic
respiration to get large amount of energy
RIBOSOMES ON ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

 Ribosomes are present both eukaryotic and


prokaryotic cells. (20nm)
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a
double membrane surrounds nucleus. Only
present in eukaryotes.
 Ribosome structures:
 Attach to RER in eukaryotic cells.
 Free in cytoplasm with small size in
prokaryotic cells
 Functions:
 Protein synthesis (RER transport proteins)
BACTERIA STRUCTURE (PROKARYOTES)

 Bacteria has
 Cell wall (different from plant
cells)
 Ribosome
 Circular DNA & plasmid
 Flagellum (flagella)
 for bacteria moving
 No nucleus
 No mitochondria
2.2 SPECIALISED CELLS
SPECIALISED CELLS

 To function efficiently, many cells are specialised for different functions.


 Groups of cells have different structure for different function.

 Specialised animal cells:  Specialised plant cells

 Ciliated cells  Root hair cells

 Neurones  Xylem vessels

 Red blood cells  Palisade mesophyll


cells
 Sperm and egg cells (gametes)
CILIATED CELLS

 Ciliated cells are found on the surface of


 Lungs (trachea and bronchi)
 Oviducts in the female reproductive
system
 Structure and function
 Cilia on cells to beat
 Beat mucus (trap dust and
pathogen) in lungs
 Beat egg cells from ovary to the
uterus
NEURONS (NERVE CELLS)

 Neurons in nerve system to conduct


electrical impulse
 They have extensions of the cytoplasm
like wires.
 It is insulated to stop impulse leaking*
RED BLOOD CELLS

 Red blood cells are the component of


blood to carry oxygen.
 Structure:
 Biconcave shape* (flattened discs)
 No nucleus
 Provide large surface area and more
volume
 Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen.
SPERM & EGG CELLS

 Sperm and egg cells are called gametes


(egg cells)
 Sperm cell:
 Head for carrying genetic information,
from male to female
 Tail for swimming
 Egg cell:
 Much bigger than sperm and store
energy
 Genetic information in nucleus
ROOT HAIR CELLS

 Root hair cells are found at the end of the


plant root.
 Structure and function:
 Long extension
 Large surface area to absorb water
and ions from soil
PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELLS

 Palisade mesophyll cells are found in the


leaves.
 Structure and functions:
 (Cellulose cell wall as structural
support)
 Many chloroplasts with chlorophylls
for photosynthesis
 Large vacuole to keep shape and
push chloroplast to the edge of cells.
XYLEM VESSELS*

 Xylem transports water in the plant.


 Structure:
 Cell wall has lignin => waterproof
 Dead and empty cells
 Function:
 Allow water and ions to move from roots to rest of
plant
 Provide more volume to transport water
2.3 LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

 Cells
 Tissue
 A group of similar cells.
 All the cells in a tissue look same and work together for a function.
 Organ
 A group of different tissues.
 Work together to perform specific function.
 System
 A group of organs with related functions, work together
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION (ANIMAL)
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION (PLANT)
2.4 SIZE OF SPECIMENS
SIZE OF CELLS AND SPECIMENS

 In microscope, cell images are much larger than real cells to observe.
 The ratio between actual size and image size, called magnification.

 E.g. The cells under microscope has 13mm, it is


magnified 1000 times.
 13/1000 = 0.013mm = 13m
 Convert millimetre to micrometre:1mm = 1000
m
QUICK
QUESTION

(ii) convert into


m?
TAKE HOME MESSAGE

 Difference between animal and plant cells: cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast
(chlorophyll)
 Organelles: rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria
 Bacteria features: plasmid, cell wall, no nucleus
 Features of specialised cells to maximise their functions
 Cells => tissue => organ => system => organism
 Calculation of size

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