tools

used for Monitoring

Hydrometeorological
Hazards
 tools
used for Monitoring
Hydrometeorological
Hazards
 objectives
1. Identify different tools
2. Acknowledge what its
function
3. Identify different variety
of uses
 objectives
1. Identify different tools
2. Acknowledge what its
function
3. Identify different variety of
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Th p h
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For measuring temperature

Thermometer
A thermometer measures the extent of a
given substance's hotness or coldness.
Mercury is one of the liquids which is overly
sensitive to temperature changes. The
mercury expands and rises in the capillary
tube when the substance to be measured is
warm. Instead, mercury contracts. That is,
principle of thermal expansion.
Usage tip: Place the thermometer about 5-ft above the ground,
under the shade, ensuring good air flow. Then the temperature is
directly read from the instrument.
thermograph
This tool records air temperature
continuously on graphing paper during a
period in a given area. It uses digital
infrared imaging to record slight changes
in temperature.

Usage tips: A record of temperatures over a period is

recorded in the generated graph. By examining the
graph, fluctuations in atmospheric temperature can be
detected.
 For measuring atmospheric
pressure
Aneroid
ercurial Barometer
Barometer barograph
 For measuring atmospheric pressure

Mercurial Barometer
In a mercurial barometer, the atmospheric pressure balances the
mercury column, the height of which can be measured precisely.
Corrections and adjustments are made for temperature expansion of
the instrument, gravity and latitude in order to obtain accurate
measurements. Millibars, millimeters or inches of mercury are the
units of measurements of pressure
Usage tips: Read readings.
the pressure from the height of the
mercury. Mercury is used, and not water because
mercury is denser than water. This tool is calibrated
upon receipt to make it appropriate for use in a
given altitude of a place.
barograph
Aneroid
Barometer
 For measuring atmospheric pressure

Aneroid Barometer
A sealed box (blue, sometimes called an aneroid cell) is
built around an aneroid barometer, which expands or
contracts with increasing pressure. As it moves, it pulls or
pushes a spring and a system of levers, moving a pointer
up or down the dial yellow.
Usage tips: Prior to reading, tap first the glass lightly, but firmly, to
ensure that the linkage mechanism is not sticking. Your barometer
will most likely be marked in tens of hectopascals (990, 1000, 1010
etc.) with further graduations given for each hectopascal, which
enable it to be read reasonably easily to the nearest half
hectopascal. (1000 hectopascals= 750.1 mm).

Mercurial barograph
Barometer
 For measuring atmospheric pressure

barograph
A barograph is a barometer that records the barometric
pressure over time in graphical form. This instrument is
also used to make a continuous recording of
atmospheric pressure.

Usage tips: Rotate the knob so that the barograph

arm moves up and down against the drum until
the pen tip rests on the chart at the correct
pressure reading for your location.
Mercurial
Barometer
Aneroid
Barometer
 For measuring atmospheric pressure

Mercurial Aneroid barograph

Barometer Barometer
 For measuring atmospheric
relative humidity
hygrometer
sling
psychromete
r
 For measuring atmospheric
relative humidity

sling psychrometer
A dry and wet-bulb thermometer is made of the sling psychrometer.
The term bulb refers to the portion of the glass tube that contains
mercury. In building the dry and the wet bulbs are exactly the same.
Dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor condenses
while the relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor
actually present in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor
that the air at a given temperature can hold.
Usage tips: : The weather observer first wets the cloth cladding the wet-bulb, whirls
the psychrometer a few times, then reads the wet-bulb. He reads the dry-bulb last.
Normally, the wet-bulb reading will be lower than the dry-bulb. The dry-bulb reading is
the art bulberatadin the difference between the dry and the wet bulb readings will
give, with the aid of a psychrometric table, the dew point temperature and the relative
humidity.
hygrometer
For measuring atmospheric
relative humidity
hygrometer
A simple hygrometer made with strands of human hair.
The hair cells expand when the humidity is higher, and
the weight of the dime moves the pointer lower. The
hair cells contract when the humidity is lower, and the
contracting hair pulls the pointer higher temperature
can hold.
Usage tips: The mechanical sensors
inside the hygrometer move the
needle along the gauge, so it points
at the proper level of relative
 For measuring atmospheric
relative humidity
hygrometer
sling
psychromete
r
For measuring precipitation
Tipping Bucket Rain
Gauge

8-inch Rain Gauge

For measuring precipitation
Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
By capturing a small volume of water in one of
two small buckets, the tipping bucket gauges
act. Once the rain is caught, the tips of the
bucket are empty. This tip is recorded and
precipitation volumes and rates are transmitted
as the number of tips and the rate at which they
occurred.
Usage tips: Rainfall character is decided by the total
amount of rain that has fallen in a set period (usually 1
hour) and by counting the number of pulses clicks in a 10-
minute period the observer can decide the character of
the rain. Algorithms may be applied to the data as a
method of correcting the data for high-intensity rainfall.

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For measuring precipitation
8-inch Rain Gauge
An 8-inch rain gauge, so-called because the collector's
inner diameter a exactly 8 inches above a funnel which
leads rain into a cylindrical measuring tube or receiver.
The collector's volume is 10 times that of the measuring
tube. As a result, the actual precipitation depth is
increased ten times when collected in a smaller
measuring tube.
Usage tips: To measure the amount of rainfall accumulated in the
measuring tube, a thin measuring stick with the magnified scale
printed on its face is used. The precisely dimensioned measuring
tube has a capacity representative of only 2 inches (50.8
millimeters) on flat level ground. Rainfall beyond this amount spills
into the overflow can but can be easily measured by pouring it into
the measuring tube for total rainfall.
For measuring precipitation
Tipping Bucket Rain
Gauge

8-inch Rain Gauge

 For Monitoring Clouds

Ceiling balloon

Ceiling Light Projector

For Monitoring Clouds
Ceiling Light Projector
A projector with ceiling light project a
small beam of light vertically onto a cloud
foundation. The cloud base height is
determined by using a clinometer
positioned at a known distance from the
projector to calculate the elevation angle
contained on the cloud by the illuminated
spot, the measurement, and the
projector.
For Monitoring Clouds
Ceiling balloon
This is another way of finding the height of the
cloud base. A ceiling balloon is a
meteorological balloon whose rate of rise has
been predetermined. It is lighter filled with gas
than air, usually hydrogen, and released. The
release time is recorded, and the time the
balloon disappears into the cloud.
The time difference multiplied by the rate of
ascent will give the height of the cloud base,
that is speed=d/t, hence distance or height=t x
 For Monitoring Clouds

Ceiling balloon

Ceiling Light Projector

 Special instrument
Pilot Balloon/ Theodolite
A Pilot Balloon is a weather balloon lighter than air filled with gas. When used in
conjunction with a theodolite the pilot balloon is used to determine wind speed and
direction at different atmospheric levels.
Theodolite is similar to a transit made by an engineer. It consists of a sighting telescope
mounted in such a way that it is free to rotate around a horizontal and vertical axis and
has graduated scales so that the rotation angles may be measured while tracking the
pilot balloon.
 Special instrument
radiosonde
The radiosonde is an airborne instrument used in
the upper air for measuring sound. temperature,
and relative humidity. meteorological balloon
inflated with hydrogen A takes the instrument up
aloft
 Special instrument
rawindsonde
The rawindsonde is an electronic tool used aloft
to determine wind speed, strain, temperature,
and humidity. It is also attached to a balloon and,
as it rises through the atmosphere, it measures
the required.
 Special instrument
Wind Finding Radar
Through radar echoes it determines the speed and
direction of winds aloft. A radar target is attached to a
balloon and it is this target that the ground radar tracks.
A receiver measures the bearing and the interval time of
the echoes.
 Wind Surveillance
Special instrument
Radar
A Weather Surveillance Radar is of the long range type
that detects and tracks typhoons and cloud masses 400
kilometers or less away. This radar has a rotating
antenna disk preferably mounted from any physical
obstruction on top of a building. The radar is a useful
instrument for monitoring and tracking tropical cyclones
Thank you!
Thank you!