Practical Research 2

Module 5: Planning Data

Collection Procedure
 Learning
Objectives:
Identify the different sources of data
collection
 Describe the different data collection
methods/techniques in conducting
quantitative research
 Explain the importance of data
collection
 Construct a data collection procedure in
 Understandi
Lesson ng Data and
Ways
5 Systematical
ly Collect
Data
Activity 1. Directions: Write BEFORE, DURING, AFTER
on the space provided that best describe the data
collection procedures.
______1. Determining the sample size of the research.
______2. Summarizing and analyzing the data based on
the corresponding research questions.
______3. The responses collected or gathered for
analysis.
______4. Providing clear instructions to the respondents
as reflected in the research instrument.
______5. Asking consent form if the respondents are 18
years old below.
What is the importance
of Data Collection
Procedure?
 Importance of Data
Collection
1.Integrity of the Research. A researcher must
provide accurate and honest procedure in
conducting research.
2.Reduce Errors. The use of proper tools will
produce an accurate and desired result must be
considered in conducting a research.
3.Decision Making. Accurate data must be
collected so that the researcher will arrive with
a correct interpretation of the research.
 Importance of Data
Collection
4. Save Cost and Time. Make sure to familiarize or
knowledgeable to the topic selected in conducting
research
and the procedures undertaken. This will result to the
smooth flow of your research thus saving much time
and effort as well as the financial resources in
reproducing the research instrument and the like.
5. To support a need for a new idea, change
and/or innovation. It is important to gather data as
evidence to support the assumptions to show the need
for a shift in the standard or the implementation of new
Sources
of Data Primary
Secondar
collectio y
n
Primary sources provide raw
information and first-hand evidence.
Examples include interview transcripts,
statistical data, and works of art. A
primary source gives you direct access
to the subject of your research.
Secondary sources provide
second-hand information and
commentary from other researchers.
Examples include journal articles,
reviews, and academic books. A
secondary source describes,
interprets, or synthesizes primary
sources.
 Data
collection
tools?
Data collection tools refer to the
devices/instruments used to collect data
depending on the research design and
methodologies employed in your research study.
The goal behind data collection is to collect
quality evidence that enables research to lead to
convincing and credible answers to the questions
asked.
 Techniques in
Gathering Data
 Techniques in
Gathering Data
1. Interview

A face-to-face conversation between

two individuals with the sole purpose
of collecting relevant information to
satisfy a research purpose.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW

• Structured
• Semi-Structured
• Unstructured
Structured asks standard sets of questions and
followed in the same order or straight forward
questions.
Semi-Structured which asks open- ended
questions allowing for a discussion
Unstructured wherein no specific set of
predetermined questions and flow like an
everyday conversation and tend to be more
informal and open-ended.
Pros: In-depth information, freedom of flexibility,
accurate data.
 Techniques in
Gathering Data
2. Questionnaire

This is the method of gathering information through a

tool that consists of a set of questions and prompts to
receive an answer from people to whom it is
administered. It is meant to collect a group's data. A
questionnaire is not a survey, but rather a part of it.
A survey is a data collection procedure involving
several methods of data collection, including a
questionnaire.
Pros:
• Administered in large numbers and is cost-effective
• Used to compare and contrast previous research to measure
change
• Easy to visualize and analyze
• Questionnaires offer actionable data

Cons:
• Answers may be dishonest or the participants lose interest
halfway through
• Questionnaires can't produce qualitative data
• Questions might be left unanswered
• Respondents may have a hidden agenda
3. Observation

This is a data collection method by which

information on a phenomenon is gathered
through observation.
The nature of the observation could be
accomplished either as a complete observer,
an observer as a participant, a participant
as an observer or as a complete
participant. This method is a key base of
formulating a hypothesis. It can be collected
through recording sheets and checklists.
Observation guides list the interactions,
Observation
guide
example
Pros:
• Easy to administer
• There subsists a greater accuracy with results
• It is a universally accepted practice
• It diffuses the situation of an unwillingness of respondents
to administer a report
• It is appropriate for certain situations

Cons:
• Some phenomena aren’t open to observation
• It cannot be relied upon; Bias may arise
• It is expensive to administer
• Its validity cannot be predicted accurately
4. Reporting

The process of collecting and sending

data to be further analyzed is data
reporting. Reporting accurate data is the
main component of data reporting since
incorrect data reporting contributes to
uninformed decision- making. Examples
are NGO reports, newspapers, website
articles and hospital care records.
Pros:
• Informed decision making
• Easily accessible

Cons:
• Self-reported answers may be exaggerated
• The results may be affected by bias
• Respondents may be too shy to give out all the
details
• Inaccurate reports will lead to uninformed
decisions
5. Tests

• Tests provide a way to assess subjects knowledge

and capacity to apply this knowledge into new
situations. It can provide information that is
measured against a variety of standards. Norm-
reference tests provide information on how the
target performs against a reference group.
• Examples of norm-referenced tests include the
SAT, IQ tests, and tests that are graded on a
curve.
• Anytime a test offers a percentile rank, it is a
norm-referenced test. If you score at the 80th
percentile, that means that you scored better
than 80% of people in your group. A criterion
referenced test are constructed to determine
whether the respondents have attained the
mastery of a skill or knowledge. Examples are
NAT, SHS Exit Assessment, quarterly or
periodical exams.
Pros:
• Determine the effectiveness of an
intervention;
• It has high validity and reliability or
results;

Cons:
• Evaluates students’ performance
without considering external factors;
 Activity 2
Directions: Identify the following data collection methods that is being
described in each number. Write your answer on the space provided in
each number.
1. It consists of a set of questions and prompts to receive an answer
from people to whom it is administered which is meant to collect group’s
data.
2. This method is a key base of formulating a hypothesis which can be
collected through recording sheets and checklists.
3. It evaluates students’ performance without considering external
factors and limited with the cognitive domain of the students.
4. Examples are NGO reports, newspapers, website articles and hospital
care records.
5. A face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the sole
purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose.
REVIEW

QUESTIONNAIRE
OBSERVATION
TESTS
REPORTING
INTERVIEW
 Data
Lesson Analysis
Using
6 Statistics
and
Hypothesis
Learning
Competency:
Identify and apply the different
statistical tools for quantitative analysis.
Describe the null hypothesis and
alternative hypothesis.
Compare and contrast the different
quantitative analysis used in research.
Write a null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis.
 WHAT IS
QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS?
 Quantitative
Analysis
Quantitative data analysis is a systematic
approach where data are collected and
transforms the collected data or observed into
numerical data. It often describes a
situation or event, answering the research
questions or objectives of the study. It is often
concerned with finding evidence to either
support or contradict an idea or hypothesis
you might have.
Methods Used in
Quantitative Analysis
1.DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
2.INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Methods Used in
Quantitative
Analysis
A. Descriptive Statistics
• To explain the information collected, descriptive
statistics are used, such as the range of values, their
average, and the most common category.
• It is also used to present quantitative descriptions in a
manageable form. In a research study we may have lots
of measures. As such, it helps us to simplify large
amounts of data in a sensible way. Each descriptive
statistic reduces lots of data into a simpler summary.
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1.Measures of Frequency
2.Measures of Central Tendency
3.Measures of dispersion or variation
4.Measures of position
Types of
Descriptive
Statistics
1. Measures of Frequency:
• Count, Percent, Frequency
• Shows how often something
occurs
• Use this when you want to show
how often a response is given
Types of
Descriptive
Statistics
2. Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean, Median, and Mode
• Locates the distribution by various
points
• Use this when you want to show
how an average or most indicated
response
Types of
Descriptive
Statistics
3. Measures of Dispersion or Variation
• Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
• Identifies the spread of scores by stating intervals
• Range = Highest-Lowest points
• Variance or Standard Deviation = difference
between observed score and mean
• Use this when you want to show how "spread out"
the data are. It is helpful to know when your data are
so spread out that it affects the mean
Types of
Descriptive
Statistics
4. Measures of Position
• Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks
• Describes how scores fall in relation to one
another. Relies on standardized scores
• Use this when you need to compare scores
to a normalized score (e.g., a national norm)
B. Inferential
Statistics
• Inferential statistics are used from the
research data to make comparisons and
draw conclusions. Information obtained
from inferential statistics enables
researchers to draw inferences and
generalize to other classes outside their
study sample. With inferential statistics,
you are trying to reach conclusions that
extend beyond the immediate data alone.
Types of Inferential
Statistics
1. Linear Regression Analysis

In this test, a linear algorithm is used to

understand the relationship between two
variables from the data set. One of those
variables is the dependent variable, while
there can be one or more independent
variables used.
2. Analysis of Variance

This is another statistical method which is

extremely popular in data science. It is
used to test and analyze the differences
between two or more means from the
data set. The significant differences
between the means are obtained, using
this test.
3. Analysis of Co-variance

A co-variate is an independent variable

which is continuous and are used as
regression variables. This method is used
extensively in statistical modelling, to
study the differences, present between
the average values of dependent
variables.
4. Statistical Significance (t-test)
A relatively simple test in inferential
statistics, this is used to compare the
means of two groups and understand
if they are different from each other.
The order of difference, or how
significant the differences are can be
obtained from this.
5. Correlation Analysis
Another extremely useful test, this is used to
understand the extent to which two variables are
dependent on each other. The correlation can
also be negative or positive, depending upon the
variables. A negative correlation means that the
value of one variable decrease while the value of
the other increases and positive correlation
means that the value both variables decrease or
increase simultaneously.
HANDOUT FROM THE LECTURE OF JAMES PATRICK A. OLIVAR

Scatterplots with correlations of

a) +1.00; b) –0.50; c) +0.85; and
d) +0.15
 Hypothesis
• ATesting
hypothesis is an educated guess about something in the world
around you. It should be testable, either by experiment or
observation. The null hypothesis is a general statement that
states that there is no relationship between two phenomena
under consideration or that there is no association between two
groups. The symbol for the null hypothesis is H0, and it is read
as H-null, H-zero, or H-naught.
• The null hypothesis is usually associated with just ‘equals to’
sign as a null hypothesis can either be accepted or rejected.
• An alternative hypothesis is a statement that describes that
there is a relationship between two selected variables in a study.
The symbol of the alternative hypothesis is either H1 or Ha while
using less than, greater than or not equal signs.
HANDOUT FROM THE LECTURE OF JAMES PATRICK A. OLIVAR

Table 1
4-Point Scale Table of Interpretation
Option Range Verbal
Interpretation
4 3.25-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50-3.24 Agree
2 1.75-2.49 Disagree
1 1.00-1.74 Strongly
Disagree
HANDOUT FROM THE LECTURE OF JAMES PATRICK A. OLIVAR

Table 2
Likert Scale Table of Interpretation
Option Range Verbal Interpretation
5 4.20-5-00 Strongly Agree
4 3.40-4.19 Agree
3 2.60-3.39 Neutral
2 1.80-2.59 Disagree
1 1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree
Hypothesis Testing
A hypothesis is an educated
guess about something in the
world around you. It should be
testable, either by experiment
or observation.
 The null hypothesis is a general statement that
states that there is no relationship between two
phenomena under consideration or that there is no
association between two groups. The symbol for the null
hypothesis is H0, and it is read as H-null, H-zero, or H-
naught. The null hypothesis is usually associated with just
‘equals to’ sign as a null hypothesis can either be accepted
or rejected.
An alternative hypothesis is a statement that
describes that there is a relationship between two selected
variables in a study. The symbol of the alternative
hypothesis is either H1 or Ha while using less than, greater
Research Questions Null Hypothesis (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis
(Ha)
Is there significant There is no significant There is a significant
difference between the difference between the difference between the
posttest performance of posttest performance of posttest performance of
the control and the control and the control and
experimental group after experimental group after experimental group after
exposing to the exposing to the exposing to the
intervention. intervention intervention
Research Titles Null Hypothesis (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis
(Ha)

Impact of the There is no impact of the There is an impact of the

Implementation of COVID implementation of COVID implementation of
– 19 Health Protocols in – 19 Health Protocols in COVID– 19 Health
Supermarkets on Supermarkets on Protocols in Supermarkets
Consumer Behaviors Consumer Behaviors on Consumer Behaviors
HANDOUT FROM THE LECTURE OF JAMES PATRICK A. OLIVAR

Interpretation Table for Relationships and Differences

Decision Interpretation
If P-Value < 0.05 Reject Ho There is a significant
difference/There is a
significant relationship

If P-value 0.05 Failed to Reject Ho There is no

difference/There is no
relationship
LESSON 7 Writing
Research
Methodolog
y
Learning
Competency:
Identify and describe the
components of a research
methodology
 b. Organize and construct a
written research methodology
 • Part of research paper
that contains the
RESEARCH description of ways and
means to conduct the
METHOLO research. The basic aim
of a research
GY methodology is to
explain what
techniques are being
used or will be used in
order to obtain the
data or information
that is expected to be
 • The research methodology
of your research is under
Chapter II. Before stating the
Components of different components, make
sure to write a brief Writing
a Research Research Methodology
Lesson 3 Discover 17
Methodology statement or introduction
regarding the contents that
are covered in this chapter.

(e.g. This chapter presents

the research design, sources
of data, instrumentation and
data collection and tools for
data analysis.)
A. Research Design
The research design used in this
study is the quasi-experimental
design or the one -shot pretest-
posttest research design. A pretest-
posttest design is an experiment
where measurements are taken both
before and after a treatment (Lane,
2012).
A. Locale and Population of
the Study/Sources of Data
• In this area, you must describe the place where
the study will be conducted and the reason of
your choice. Make sure to describe the
respondents of your study as well as the
sampling design used. Because if incorrect
sample calculation, it will have a questionable
validity of your research. Generally, you can use
the Slovin’s Formula to solve or determine the
sample size of the population.
B. Instrumentation
and Data
Collection
• In this area, you have to describe the
sources of data, the instruments to be
used, what each will measure, how to
interpret, to whom they will be
administered and how they will be
administered. Don’t forget to present the
validity and reliability of the tools used in
the study.
C. Data Analysis

• In this area, you must discuss what

appropriate statistical tools to be
used in your study. Always account
for the research problem you have
enumerated in your study.
THANK YOUUU!!

As a rule I don’t like suffering

to no purpose. Suffering
should be creative, should
give birth to something good
and lovely.
–by