WHAT IS CHEMISTRY ?

“Chemistry is the study of

composition, structure, properties and
interaction of matter”

science is the great antidote to the poison

of
enthusiasm and superstition.
- Adam Smith
Scottish
Philosopher
 APPLI ATI FIELD HEMI TRY
• Chemicals in manufacturing of chips
co m
used ponents of computers.
and
• Different chemical composition in atmosphere
creates
different
Eg: acid rain, increased green house gases(GHG)
causes
increased heat in atmosphere and related effects.
• In human body different chemicals are present
which
• help
Production of DDTs, ,
in its functionality and specific purpose. and
chemicals for
disinfectants chemical industries
Eg: NO acts as messenger for brain cells related
messages and
• Production
prevents of cosmetics,
tumor cells... soaps, oils, creams,
related health care products.
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 Matter

Based on
Based on chemical physical
properties properties

Pure
Mixtures Solids Liquids Gases
Substances

Homogenous Heterogeneou Elements Compounds

mixmres s mixtures
Different kind of matter around us have several
characteristics which when used in combination
adequately describe a kind of matter. Therefore
chemists broadly divided the properties of matter in
two kinds named “ and “
properties.

are those properties which can be measured or

observed without change the identity or the
composition of the substance. Eg. Taste, Colour, Melting
Point Boiling Point Density etc.

are those which can

be reaction. These
measured only by a chemical
can t be just by touching or viewing the
observed ,
substance. Eg. Acidity Basicity
CombustibilityReactivity etc. i
 Table : Basic Physical Quantities and their
Units
Base Physical Symbol for Name of SI Symbol for SI Unit
Quantity Quantity Unit

Mass Kilogram K
g
Electric Current Ampere

Amount of Mole ITIO)

substance
 nversio
Table 2: Some common unit conversions

10
—6

10 Centi
—2

Deca d
a

1 6 Mega M
 ome a es
n
â• To indicate very sieall numbers we use
exponents. negative
â•To indicate we
use
'â• Scientific notation is the proper representationof
a
number in exponential form.
'â• Precision indicates how closely repeated measurements
match each other.
â• Accuracy indicates how closely a measurement
matches
the connect or expected values.
 SL

1. All non zero digits are significant.

2. Zeroes preceding to first non zero digits are not
significant. Such zero indTcates the posTtion of decimal
point.
3. Zeroes between two non zero digits are significant.
4. Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant
provided they are on the right side of the decimal point.
5. During addTtTon and subtraction the result cannot have
more digits to the right of the decimal point than either of
the original numbers.
6. In multiplication and division with sTgnificant figures, the
answer cannot have more significant figures than either of
the original numbers.
• There are basic laws of chemicai
combinations that govern every reaction:
Law of conservation mass
Law of definite proportion
Law multiple proportions
Gay Lussac's law of gaseous
volumes
Avogadro law
R Law of conservation of
“It sates that matter canneitherbe created nor
mass: destroyed,it can be converted from one form to other.”
S Law of definite proportions
“Irrespective of the source, a given always
compound contains same elements in the same
proportion .”
S Law of multiple propoñions
“If two elements can combine to form more than one
compound the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of small
whole numbers.”
S Gay Lussac law of gaseous
volumes
“When gases combine or are produced in a
chemical reactions they do so in a simple ratio by
volume provided all gases are at same temperature
and pressure.”
R Avogadro law :
“At the same temperature and pressure equal volumes
of gases contain equal number of molecules.”
 ons omic eor
in 1808 Dalton published , ‘A New System
of
chemicai philosophy’ in which he proposed the
following:
• Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
• Ali the atoms of a given element have identical
properties including identical mass. Atoms
of
different elements differ in mass.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of different
eiements combine in a fixed ratio.
• Chemical reactions involve reorganization of
atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed
 an erms
• 6.022 x 1023 is called Avogadro's constant or
Avogadro's number.
• A mole is a collection of 6.022 x 1023 pa4icles.
• One mole is the amount of a substance
that contains as many pañicles or entities as
there are atoms in exactly 12 g or 0.012 kg of
the C-12 isotope.
• The mass of one mole of a substance in grams
is
called its molar mass.
• The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to
the atomic/molecular/formula mass in u.(u is
the unified mass).
• Molarity is the number of moles of solute in per liter of
solution. Unit is moles per liter.
• Molality is the number of solute present in 1kg
of
solvent.
• Atomic Mass: Average relative mass of an atom of
an element as compared with the mass of a carbon
atom taken as 12 amu.
• Atomic mass expressed in grams is called gram atomic
mass.
• Molecular Mass : Sum of the atomic masses
of elements present in a molecule.
• Molecular mass expressed in grams is called
gram molecular mass.
• Formula Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a
formula unit of the compound.
• An empirical formula represents the simplest
whole number ratio of various atoms present in a
• Molecular formula shows the exact
number of different types of atoms
present in a moiecule of a compound.
• If the mass per cent of various
elements present in a compound is
known, its empirical formuia can be
determined. where n is a simple
number and may have values 1, 2, 3....
Molecular formula = n(Empirical
formula)