DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM
UNIT – I
RELATION DATABASE
 DBMS

Purpose of Database System – Views of data – Data

Models – Database System Architecture –
Introduction to relational databases – Relational Model –
Keys – Relational Algebra – SQL fundamentals
– Advanced SQL features – Embedded SQL– Dynamic SQL
DBMS

INTRODUCTION TO DBMS
Database management system is a collection of interrelated
data and various programs that are used to handle the data

Primary goal
data store
retrieve .
DBMS

TWO IMPORTANT TASK

• STRUCTURE FOR STORAGE OF INFORMATION
• MANIPULATION OF INFORMATION

APPLICATIONS OF DB SYSTEM

• ACCOUNTING
• MANIFACTURING
• BANKING
• UNIVERSITIES
• TELECOMMUNICATION
DBMS

• Purpose of Data Modeling in Database Systems

• The data is stored in files

• Manipulate the files

• Additional

• Updation

• Delete
DBMS

FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM

The system that stores the permanent records in files

DISADVANTAGES
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Difficult in accessing data
security problem
DBMS

Characteristics of database system

Representing the data by multiple view

Efficient and easy implementation
Data secutity
DBMS

ADVANTAGES

• DBMS removes data redundancy

• Replace the data

• Retrieve the data

• It allows concurrent acces to multiple user

DBMS

DISADVANTAGES

• H/W and S/W COST

• Damaged part

• Complex design
 DBMS

VIEWS OF DATA
DATA ABSTRACTION
hiding background details (ex:result)
THREE LEVELS
• physical level
• logical level
• view lever
PHYSICAL LEVEL
•Lowest level
•How actually data is stored
LOGICAL LEVEL
•Next higher level
•What data are stored in database
VIEW LEVEL
•Highest level of abstraction
•Describe only part of data
•It provide Multiple views of the same system
SCHEMA
•The overall design of the database is called schema
EX:Student Reg no,name,address,email id.
INSTANCES
•When information is insert or delete database get
changed
•the collection of information at particular
movement is instance
TYPES OF SCHEMA
• Physical level ,Logical level, Sub schema
DATABASE LANGUAGES
DDL(data definition language)
It is a specialized language. this language used for creating
modifying the structure of the table.
DML(data manipulation language)
It enable the user to access or manipulate data as organized by data
model
•INSERT
•DELETE
•UPDATE
•SELECT
TYPES OF DML
Procedural
Declarative
PROCEDURAL DML
How to get the data
DECLARATIVE
What data or needed without specifying how to get those data.
QUERY
specific language is called query
DATA MODEL
A data model is like a blueprint that defines how data is organized and
used in a system. Easy to use, and meets the needs of the users.
•Logical Data Model
•Physical Data Model
•View level
TYPES
•Relational Data Model
•Object-Oriented Data Model
•Entity relationship model
•Semi structured model
RELATIONAL MODEL
In the relational model, data is organized into tables, where each
table consists of rows and columns.
Table: A table represents an entity or a relationship between
entities. For example, a customers, products.
Row: Each row in a table represents a single record or instance
of the entity. For example, a row in a "customers".
Column: Each column in a table represents a specific attribute
of the entity. For example, a "customers" table might have
columns for the customer's name, email address
Object-Oriented Data Model
It is a way of designing a database that is based on the
principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). In this
model, data is represented as objects, which can contain
data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the
data.
Advantages
•Code Reusability
•Improved Data Organization
Disadvantages
•complex
 Entity-Relationship (ER) model
The conceptual data model used in database design to
describe the structure of the data and the relationships
between different entities in the database.
Entity: An entity is a real-world object .For example,
Student, Course.
Attribute: An attribute is a property or characteristic of
an entity. For example, StudentID, Name.
Relationship: A relationship describes how entities are
related to each other.
SQL FUNDAMENTALS
Structured query language (Sql) is the standard Command set used to communicate with the relational
database Management system.
Sql is a high level language ,Procedural language.
Sql Can handle Complex situations.
Types of Sql commands
1) Data definition language (DDL) in used to create, alter & delete database objects.
2) Data Manipulation Language (DML): used to insert, modify & delete the data in the database.
3) Data query language (DQL) :Enables the users to query tables to get the information one or more they
want.
4) Data control language (DCL): control the user access to the database objectsments.
SQL OPERATORS:
1) Arithmetic operators: Add, Sub, multiply,devide
2) comparison operators:they are used to Compare one expression with another.
3) logical operators :AND, OR, NOT.
4) set operators: combine, the results of two separate queries into a single result.
UNION, UNIONALL, INTERSECT, MINUS
Commands:
Syntax
Sqlite 3 satabase Name. db
CREATE TABLE Company (id int, Name text);
insert data : insent into Company (id, name) values (1, "abi");
Alter table command:
sqlite > Alter table Company rename to old_company;
sqlite > Alter Table old_company add Column sex text;
Sqlite > DROP TABLE table-Name;
Data update: sqlite > UPDATE COMPANY SET
ADDRESS = Texas' WHERE ID=66%
Data delete: sqlite > DELETE FROM COMPANY WHERE ID =77;
 Embedded SQL
Embedded SQL is a way to include SQL (Structured Query
Language) statements within a programming language.
such as C, Java, or Python. This allows you to work with databases in your
code more easily, as you can write SQL statements directly in your program.
When the program runs, the embedded SQL statements are processed by a
preprocessor, which converts them into standard function calls that interact
with the database.
Storage Manager
Interface b/w low level data in db& the application Programs & Queries. Responsible for
interaction with file manager.
Authorization & Integrity manager
Test integrity constraince
check the authority of users to access
Transaction manager
Remains in consistent state despice system failures
processed concurrent transactions.
File Manager:
Manager the allocation of space on desk storage.
Buffer manager
critical part of db
It handle the large amount of Datas.
Data files: stores Db
data Dictionary: Metadata - data information of db
Indicats : Fast access to data .eg .stu_ID
Query processor:
1. DDL Interpreter: Interpreter DDL Statements & sccord in data
dictionary.
2. DML compiler: Translates DM2 into access. performs " Query
optimization“.
Low Cast plan, Data efficient.
Query Evaluation Engine: Execute low level Instruction.
Database users & Administrators
Goal is to retrive & store Information into DB.
4 types of users
1. Naive users – users invoking one The application Programs.
2. Application programmers
professional Programmers
Rapid application development (RAD Tools)
3. sophisticated users
Request information of Query
Data analysis s/w tools.
4.specilized users
specilized DB application.
Database Administrator:
•control the overall system
•schema definition
•storage structure
•Granding authorization for data acces
•Monitoring performance
Dynamic SQL
It refers to the process of creating SQL statements dynamically at
runtime, rather than writing them out explicitly in the code.
This can be useful when you need to construct SQL queries based on
certain conditions or user inputs that are not known until the program is
running.