COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Lecture 1
Introduction
 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS

15/04/16
Lecture 1
Major driving force now
2

Movie industry
 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

15/04/16
Lecture 1
3
Video Games
MEDICAL IMAGING IS ANOTHER DRIVING
FORCE

15/04/16
Lecture 1
Medical Imaging
4
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TOO

15/04/16
Lecture 1
Computer Aided Design too 5
 SCIENTIFIC VISUALISATION

15/04/16
To view below and
above our visual range

Lecture 1
6
Scientific Visualisation
GRAPHICS / RENDERING PIPELINE

15/04/16
 There are three stages
 Application Stage

Lecture 1
 Geometry Stage
 Rasterization Stage

7
APPLICATION STAGE
 Entirely done in software by the CPU
 Read Data

15/04/16
the world geometry database,

Lecture 1
User’s input by mice, trackballs, trackers, or
sensing gloves
 In response to the user’s input, the
application stage change the view or
scene

8
GEOMETRY STAGE

15/04/16
Modelling:shapes

Lecture 1
Model Transformation

Transformation: viewing

Hidden Surface Elimination

Shading: reflection and lighting 9

Rasterization Stage
 RASTERIZATION STAGE

15/04/16
Geometry Stage
Rasterization and Sampling

Lecture 1
Texture Mapping

Image Composition

Intensity and Colour Quantization

Framebuffer/Display
10
EXAMPLE

15/04/16
The scene we are trying to represent:

Lecture 1
Images courtesy of Picture Inc. 11
GEOMETRY PIPELINE

15/04/16
Loaded 3D Models

Lecture 1
Model Transformation

Transformation: viewing

Hidden Surface Elimination

15/04/16
Designed by polygons, parametric curves/surfaces,
implicit surfaces and etc.

Lecture 1
Defined in its own coordinate system

13
 MODEL TRANSFORMATION
Objects put into the scene by applying

15/04/16
translation, scaling and rotation

Lecture 1
14
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
We want to create a picture of the scene viewed from the camera

15/04/16
We apply a perspective projection to convert the 3D coordinates
to 2D coordinates of the screen

Lecture 1
Objects far away appear smaller, closer objects appear bigger

15
HIDDEN SURFACE REMOVAL
Objects occluded by other objects must not be drawn

15/04/16
Lecture 1
16
 SHADING
Now we need to decide the colour of each pixels taking into

15/04/16
account the object’s colour, lighting condition and the camera

Lecture 1
position
point light source

Object

17
 SHADING : CONSTANT SHADING -
AMBIENT
Objects colours by its own colour

15/04/16
Lecture 1
18
SHADING – FLAT SHADING
Objects coloured based on its own colour and the lighting condition

15/04/16
One colour for one face

Lecture 1
19
 GOURAUD SHADING, NO SPECULAR
HIGHLIGHTS
Lighting calculation per vertex

15/04/16
Lecture 1
20
SHAPES BY POLYNOMIAL
SURFACES

15/04/16
Lecture 1
21
SPECULAR HIGHLIGHTS ADDED

15/04/16
Light perfectly reflected in a mirror-like way

Lecture 1
22
 15/04/16 Lecture 1
23
PHONG SHADING
 NEXT, THE IMAGING PIPELINE

15/04/16
Geometry
Rasterization and Sampling

Lecture 1
Pipeline

Texture Mapping

Image Composition

Intensity and Colour Quantization

Framebuffer/Display
24
 RASTERIZATION
 Converts the vertex information output by the
geometry pipeline into pixel information

15/04/16
needed by the video display

Lecture 1
 Aliasing: distortion artefacts produced when
representing a high-resolution signal at a lower
resolution.

 Anti-aliasing : technique to remove aliasing

25
ANTI-ALIASING

15/04/16
Lecture 1
Aliased polygons
Anti-aliased polygons
(jagged edges) 26
How is anti-aliasing done? Each pixel is subdivided
(sub-sampled) in n regions, and each sub-pixel has a color;

15/04/16
Compute the average color value

Lecture 1
27
TEXTURE MAPPING

15/04/16
Lecture 1
28
POLYNOMIAL CURVES, SURFACES
GRAPHICS DEFINITIONS

15/04/16
 Point

Lecture 1
 a location in space, 2D or 3D
 sometimes denotes one pixel
 Line
 straight path connecting two points
 infinitesimal width, consistent density
 beginning and end on points

30
 GRAPHICS DEFINITIONS

15/04/16
 Vertex
 point in 3D

Lecture 1
 Edge
 line in 3D connecting two vertices
 Polygon/Face/Facet
 arbitrary shape formed by connected vertices
 fundamental unit of 3D computer graphics
 Mesh
 set of connected polygons forming a surface (or object)
:
31
GRAPHICS DEFINITIONS

15/04/16
 Rendering : process of generating an image
from the model

Lecture 1
 Framebuffer : a video output device that
drives a video display from a memory
containing the color for every pixel

32