MODULE – 4

NATURE-BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS
AND MECHANISMS (QUALITATIVE)
• Echolocation (ultrasonography, sonars),
• Photosynthesis (photovoltaic cells, bionic leaf).
• Bird flying (GPS and aircrafts),
• Lotus leaf effect (Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces),
• Plant burrs (Velcro),
• Shark skin (Friction reducing swim suits),
• Kingfisher beak (Bullet train).
• Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 1
Human Blood substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perflourocarbons (PFCs).
 1. ECHOLOCATION
(ULTRASONOGRAPHY,
SONARS)

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 2

ECHOLOCATION
• In nature’s sonar system, echolocation occurs when an animal emits
a sound wave that bounces off an object, returning an echo that
provides information about the object’s distance and size.
• Over a thousand species echolocate, including most bats, all-toothed
whales, and small mammals.
• Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in
their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, and by
actively creating sounds.
• For example, by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their feet,
snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths.
• People trained to orient by echolocation can interpret the sound
waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their
location and size.
• Those who can see their environments often do not readily perceive
echoes from nearby objects, due to an echo suppression
phenomenon brought on by the precedence effect. However, with
training, sighted individuals with normal hearing can learn to avoid
obstacles using only sound, showing that echolocation
Krithika
is a general
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 3
human ability.
MECHANICS:
• Vision and hearing are akin in that each
interprets detections of reflected waves of
energy. Vision processes light waves that travel
from their source, bounce off surfaces
throughout the environment and enter the
eyes.
• Similarly, the auditory system processes sound
waves as they travel from their source, bounce
off surfaces, and enter the ears.
• Both neural systems can extract a great deal of
information about the environment by
interpreting the complex patterns of reflected
energy that their sense organs receive.
• In the case of sound, these waves of reflected
energy are referred to as echoes.
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 4
agnosing and directing treatment
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• Ultrasound refers to sound above the human audible limit of
20 kHz.
• Ultrasound of frequencies upto 10 MHz and beyond is used in

navigation and ranging) is a tech

medical diagnosis, therapy, and surgery.
• In investigative applications, an ultrasound source
(transmitter) directs pulses into the body.
• When the pulse encounters a boundary between organs or
between two tissue regions of different densities, reflections
of sound occur.
• By scanning the body with Ultrasound and detecting echoes
generated by various organs, a sonogram of the internal
structure(s) can be generated.
• Diagnostic ultrasound, also called sonography or diagnostic
medical sonography, is an imaging method that uses sound
waves to produce images of structures within your body. The
images can provide valuable information for diagnosing and
directing treatment for a variety of diseases
Krithika and conditions.
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 5
• ULTRASOUND MACHINE
COMPONENTS:
• Transducer: Emitting and receiving
ultrasound waves
• Display monitor: Visualizing ultrasound
images
• Control Panel: Adjusting settings and
parameters
• IMAGE FORMATION PROCESS
• Reflection, transmission and absorption
of ultrasound waves
• Echogenicity: Tissue differentiation
based on sound wave reflections
• Creation of 2D, 3D, and Doppler
Krithika
images.Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• The working principle of ultrasonography is based on the reflection of high-frequency sound
waves
•Transducer: An ultrasonography machine consists of a transducer that is used to emit
and receive high -frequency sound waves. The transducer is placed in direct contact with the
skin or inserted into the body through a gel.
•Emission of sound waves: The transducer emits high-frequency sound waves (usually
in the range of 2 to 18 MHz) into the body. These sound waves travel through the body and
encounter different tissues and organs, which have different acoustic properties.
•Reflection of sound waves: The sound waves encounter boundaries between different
tissues and organs and bounce back, creating echoes. The strength of the echoes depends on
the acoustic properties of the tissues and organs, such as density and stiffness.
•Reception of echoes: The transducer in the ultrasonography machine receives the
echoes and sends the information to a computer, which processes the data to create images.
•Image formation: The computer uses the information from the echoes to create
images of the internal organs and tissues of the body. The images are displayed on a screen,
allowing the operator to see the Krithika
structure and movement ofAITthe internal organs and tissues. 7
Dept of Biotechnology,
USES OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• Ultrasonography is a versatile imaging method that is used in a wide range of medical applications.
• Some of the most common uses of ultrasonography include:
• Obstetrics and gynecology: Ultrasonography is commonly used to monitor the growth and
development of a fetus during pregnancy, as well as to evaluate the reproductive organs and female pelvic
organs for conditions such as ovarian cyst, fibroids, and endometrial cancer.
• Abdominal imaging: Ultrasonography is used to image the organs of the abdomen, such as the
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidney, to diagnose conditions such as liver disease, gallstones,
pancreatitis and kidney stones.
• Musculoskeletal imaging: Ultrasonography is used to image the muscles, tendons, and ligaments to
diagnose conditions such as muscle strain, tendonitis, and ligament sprains.
• Vascular imaging: Uranography is used to image blood vessels, such as the arteries and veins, to
diagnose conditions such as clots, blockages, and aneurysms.
• Eye and neck imaging: Ultrasonography is used to image the eyes and neck to diagnose conditions
such as cataract, glaucoma, and thyroid nodules.
• Emergency medicine: Ultrasonography is often used in emergency medicine to quickly and
accurately diagnose conditions such as appendicitis, pneumothorax,
Krithika
and fluid buildup in abdomen or
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 8
chest.
SONAR
• Sonar, which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a technology that
uses sound waves to detect and locate underwater objects.
• Sonars are commonly used for various purpose
• • Naval applications: Sonars are used by naval vessels to detect and locate
other ships, submarines, and underwater obstacles, allowing them to navigate
safely and avoid potential collisions.
• • Fishery: Sonars are used in the fishing industries to locate schools of fish and
determine the depth of the water allowing fishermen to more efficiently
target their catch.
• • Oceanography: Sonar are used in oceanography to study the physical and
biological properties of the ocean including the structure of the ocean floor,
the movement of currents, and the distribution of marine life.
• • Environmental monitoring: Sonars are used to monitor the health of marine
ecosystems, track the migration pattern of whales and other marine
mammals, and assess the impact of human activities on the ocean
environment.
• • Sonar technology works by emitting a series of sound pulses and listening
for the echoes that bounce back from underwater objects. The time it takes
for the echoes to return is used to calculate the distance to the objects, and
the frequency and pattern of the echoes are used to determine their size and
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 9
shape.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SONARS
• The working principle of sonar technology is based on the reflection of sound waves. Here's how it works:
• •Transmitter: A sonar system consists of a transmitter that produces and emits a series of sound pulses
into the water. These sound pulses are typically in the form of high- frequency, low-power acoustic
signals, known as "ping."
• •Propagation of sound waves: The sound pulses propagate through the water, traveling to the target
object and bouncing back as echoes. The speed of sound in water is slower than in air, and it depends on
the temperature, pressure, and salinity of the water.
• •Receiver: The sonar system also includes a receiver that listens for the returning echoes. The receiver is
typically placed far away from the transmitter to minimize interference from the transmitted signals.
• •Calculation of range: The time it takes for the echoes to return to the receiver is used to calculate the
range to the target object. The range is simply the product of the speed of sound in water and the time it
takes for the echoes to return.
• •Determination of target properties: The frequency and pattern of the echo are used to determine the
properties of the object such as its size, shape, and composition. For example, a large, solid object will
produce a strong, low-frequency echo, while a small, porous object will produce a weaker, high-frequency
echo.
• •Display of results: The results of the sonar measurement are typically displayed on a screen or other
output device, allowing the operator to visualize theDept
Krithika target object and
of Biotechnology, AIT its location. 10
ADVANTAGES OF SONAR
TECHNOLOGY
• •Versatility: Sonar technology is versatile and can be used in a variety of
applications such as under water navigation, mapping, and imaging, as well as
for military and scientific application.
• •Cost-effective: Compared to other underwater image technology, sonar is
relatively cost-effective and affordable.
• •Non-invasive: Unlike other imaging technologies, such as diving and remote-
operated vehicles, sonar does not physically disturb the underwater
environment, making it an ideal choice for environmental monitoring and
scientific research.
• •Real time imaging: Sonar provides real time imaging, allowing operator to
quickly and easily assess the under-water environment.
• •High resolution: Modern sonar systems have high-resolution capabilities,
allowing for detailed images of underground
Krithika waterAITobjects and structures.
Dept of Biotechnology, 11
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 12

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants. algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun
into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. This process is critical for life on Earth, as it provides the
primary source of energy for all living organisms.
• The process of photosynthesis in plants and some animals differs in terms of the type of organisms involved
and the specific details of the process. However, the basic principle of converting light energy into usable
forms of energy is the same in both.
• In plants, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the cells located in the leaves. The process starts
with the absorption of light energy by pigments such as chlorophyll, which then excites electrons. These
excited electrons are used, to power the transfer of carbon dioxide into organic molecules, such as sugars
and starches, through a series of chemical reactions. The end product of photosynthesis in plants is stored
chemical energy in the form of organic compounds.
• In some animals, such as algae, photosynthesis also takes place in chloroplasts. The process is essentially
the same as in plants with the absorption of light energy and the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic
molecules.
• In contrast some animals, such as jellyfish, have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic organisms,
such as algae. In this relationship, the animal provides a safe and stable environment for the photosynthetic
organism, while the photosynthetic organism provides energy in the form of organic compounds produced
through photosynthesis.
• Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle) are two
interconnected processes that occur in the chloroplasts
Krithika Dept of plants and
of Biotechnology, AIT algae during photosynthesis. 13
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
• The connection between photosynthesis and photovoltaics lies in the conversion of light energy
into usable forms of energy. In photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted into chemical
energy stared in organic molecules, such as sugars and starches. In photovoltaics, light energy is
converted into electrical energy.
• Both photosynthesis and photovoltaics use the same basic principle of converting light energy into
usable forms of energy, but the end products are different. In photosynthesis, the end product is
stored chemical energy, while in photovoltaics, the end product is electrical energy.
• However, the similarities between photosynthesis and photovoltaics go beyond just the conversion
of light energy. Both processes also involve the use of specialized components and materials, such
as chlorophyll in photosynthesis and silicon in photovoltaics, to absorb and convert light energy
into usable forms of energy.
• The development of photovoltaics has been heavily influenced by the natural process of
photosynthesis, and many researchers have sought to mimic and improve upon the efficiency and
effectiveness of photosynthesis in order to develop more advanced and efficient photovoltaic
systems.
• The study of photosynthesis has thus played a significant role in the development of sustainable
energy systems and continues to be an important area of research in the field of renewable energy.
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 14
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
• Photovoltaic Cell is an electronic device that captures solar energy and transforms it into electrical energy. It is made up of a semiconductor layer that
has been carefully processed to transform sun energy into electrical energy.
• A photovoltaic cell is a specific type of PN junction diode that is intended to convert light energy into electrical power. These cells usually operate in a
reverse bias environment. Photovoltaic cells and solar cells have different features, yet they work on similar principles.
• Photovoltaic cells are essential for turning incident light into electrical energy that can be used, and their ability to function in a reverse bias situation
emphasizes how specifically engineered they are to maximize solar power.
• It is interesting to note that despite the fact that these names may pertain to distinct facets of the technology, their close proximity to the process of
turning sunlight into electrical power makes them often used interchangeably.
• The characteristics of Photovoltaic(PV) cells can be understood in the terms of following terminologies:
• Efficiency: Determines the ability to convert sunlight into electricity, typically measured as a percentage.
• Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc): Maximum voltage produced when not connected to any external load.
• Short-Circuit Current (Isc): Maximum current produced when terminals are short-circuited.
• Fill Factor (FF): Ratio of maximum power output to the product of Voc and Isc, indicating conversion efficiency.
• Temperature Coefficient: Measures performance change with temperature variations, usually expressed as a percentage per degree Celsius.
• Durability and Reliability: Ability to withstand environmental factors over the operational lifetime.
• These characteristics collectively determine the performance, suitability, and economic viability of PV cells for various applications.

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 15

CONSTRUCTION OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
• The construction of a photovoltaic cell involves several key components and materials.
A detail of such components and method is discussed below:
• Semiconductor Material: Photovoltaic cells are typically made from silicon, a
semiconductor material that has the ability to absorb photons of sunlight and release
electrons. Silicon is chosen for its availability, stability, and efficiency in converting
sunlight into electricity.
• P-N Junction: The basic structure of a PV cell involves a P-N (positive-negative)
junction. This junction is created by doping the silicon with specific impurities. The P
side is doped with a material that introduces positive charge carriers (holes), while the
N side is doped with a material that introduces negative charge carriers (electrons).
• Absorption Layer: Above the P-N junction, there is a thin layer known as the
absorption layer. This layer is crucial for capturing photons from sunlight. When
photons strike the absorption layer, they energize electrons, causing them to break
free from their atomic bonds.
• Metal Contacts: Metal contacts are placed on the top and bottom surfaces of the PV
cell to allow the flow of electrons. The metal contacts form an electrical circuit,
capturing the freed electrons and providing a pathway for them to be utilized as
electrical power.
• Antireflection Coating: To enhance the absorption of sunlight, an antireflection
coating is often applied to the surface of the PV cell. This coating minimizes the
reflection of sunlight, ensuring that more photons penetrate the cell and contribute to
the generation of electricity.
• Encapsulation: Photovoltaic cells are often encapsulated to protect them from
environmental factors such as moisture and mechanical stress. Encapsulation
materials can include glass or transparent plastics that allow sunlight to reach the cell
while providing a protective barrier.
• Back Surface Field: Some advanced PV cells may incorporate a back surface field to
Krithika
enhance the collection of electrons and improve overall efficiency. Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 16
WORKING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC
CELL
• The working principle of a photovoltaic (PV) cell involves the conversion of sunlight
into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Here’s how it works:
• Absorption of Sunlight: When sunlight (which consists of photons) strikes the
surface of the PV cell, it penetrates into the semiconductor material (usually silicon)
of the cell.
• Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs: The energy from the absorbed photons is
transferred to electrons in the semiconductor material, allowing them to break free
from their atomic bonds and create electron-hole pairs. Electrons are negatively
charged and move freely, while the holes are positively charged.
• Separation of Charges: Due to the built-in electric field within the PV cell (created
by the junction between different semiconductor layers), the newly generated
electron-hole pairs are separated. Electrons are pushed towards the n-type
(negative) side of the cell, while holes are pushed towards the p-type (positive) side.
• Flow of Electrons: The separated electrons are collected by metal contacts on the
surface of the cell, forming an electric current. This current can be harnessed for
external use.
• External Load: When an external electrical load (such as a light bulb or a battery) is
connected to the PV cell, the flow of electrons through the load generates electrical
power, which can be used to power various devices or stored in batteries for later
use.
• When an external circuit is linked, the space separation between the two sides
generates a voltage potential that causes electrons and holes to flow, producing an
electric current.
• As long as sunlight is available, the photovoltaic cell continues to generate
electricity through this process, providing a sustainable and renewable source of
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 17
energy.
APPLICATION OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
• Photovoltaic cells can be used in numerous applications which are
mentioned below:
• Residential Solar Power: Photovoltaic cells are commonly used in
residential buildings to generate electricity from sunlight. Solar panels
installed on rooftops or in backyard arrays capture sunlight used to power
household appliances and lighting.
• Solar Power Plants: Photovoltaic cells are used in utility-scale solar power
plants to generate large amounts of electricity for distribution to the grid.
These solar farms consist of thousands of solar panels arranged over vast
areas of land, providing clean and renewable energy to communities and
cities.
• Solar Water Pumping: Photovoltaic cells power solar water pumping
systems used for irrigation, livestock watering, and drinking water supply in
rural and off-grid locations.
• Solar-Powered Transportation: Photovoltaic cells are utilized in solar-
powered vehicles, including solar cars, bicycles, boats, and aircraft. Solar
panels mounted on the vehicle’s surface capture sunlight and convert it
into electricity to supplement or replace traditional fuel sources.
• Space Applications: Photovoltaic cells are extensively used in space
exploration and satellite missions to generate electrical power for
spacecraft and space stations.
• Portable Electronics and Charging Stations: Photovoltaic cells are
integrated into portable electronic devicesKrithika
such as solar-powered chargers,
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 18
backpacks, and lanterns.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF PV CELLS
Advantages of solar cells are Disadvantages of Solar Cells are
mentioned below: mentioned below:
• They are environmentally sustainable and • The widespread infrastructure for
produce clean energy. photovoltaic cells is not readily available.
• They have minimal upkeep expenses. • While maintenance costs are low, the initial
• It is a readily accessible and renewable installation of photovoltaic systems is
energy source. considerably expensive.
• They can be utilized for longer periods of • Photovoltaic cells are not currently capable of
time and are less likely to lose efficiency. producing electricity at a commercial level;
they are primarily suitable for devices with
• They don’t create noise pollution. lower electricity and power requirements.
• As long as a certain region receives enough • Transmitting electricity over long distances
sunshine, they can produce power anyplace. poses difficulties for photovoltaic systems.
• They can end the energy problem of our • Photovoltaic cells are fragile and susceptible
planet. Krithika Dept ofto damage,
Biotechnology, AIT making their durability a concern.
19
NEW TECHNOLOGY PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
• Photovoltaic tells, also known as solar cells, are devices that convert light energy from the sun into electrical energy.
The technology behind photovoltaic cells has advanced significantly in recent years, leading to the development of
new and improved photovoltaic cell designs and materials.
• Some of the new technologies in photovoltaic cells include:
• Perovskite solar cells: Perovskite solar cells are a new type of photovoltaic cell that use a crystalline material made of
perovskite to convert light energy into electrical energy. They are highly efficient and have the potential to be more
affordable than traditional silicon-based photovoltaic cells.
• Thin-film photovoltaic cells: Thin-film photovoltaic cells are a type of photovoltaic cell that uses a thin layer of
material, such as silicon or cadmium telluride, to convert light energy into electrical energy. They are lighter and
more flexible than traditional silicon-based photovoltaic cells and are ideal for use in portable and flexible solar
panels.
• Concentrator photovoltaic cells: Concentrator photovoltaic cells are a type of photovoltaic cell that uses a lens or
mirror to concentrate sunlight onto a small area, increasing the amount of light energy that can be captured and
converted into electrical energy.
• Multi junction photovoltaic cells: Multi junction photovoltaic cells are a type of photovoltaic cell that uses multiple
layers of different materials, each optimized for different wavelengths of light, to convert light energy into electrical
energy. They are highly efficient and ideal for use in concentrated solar power system.
• These are just a few examples of the new technologies in photovoltaic cells. The Field of photovoltaic is constantly
evolving and there are many ongoing efforts to develop new
Krithika and
Dept of improved
Biotechnology, AIT photovoltaic cell designs and material
20
that are more efficient, affordable, and environmentally friendly.
BIONIC LEAF
• HARVARD SCIENTISTS have created a “bionic leaf” that converts solar energy into a liquid fuel.
Developed by Nocera and team: that invention, widely known as the artificial leaf, converts
solar energy into hydrogen fuel.
• Nocera’s artificial leaf, which serves as the fuel source in the bionic leaf, works by sandwiching
a photovoltaic cell between two thin metal oxide catalysts. When submersed in a glass of water
at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, the artificial leaf mimics
photosynthesis.
• Current from the silicon solar wafer is fed to the catalysts, which split water molecules: oxygen
bubbles off the catalyst on one side of the wafer, while hydrogen rises from the catalyst on the
wafer’s other side. Today, it is far more efficient than a field-grown plant, which captures only 1
percent of sunlight’s energy. He says he can reach efficiencies of 70 percent to 80 percent of
the underlying solar-wafer technology, which is improving constantly.
• The hydrogen it produces is a versatile fuel from a chemical standpoint, and could easily
become the basis of a fuel cell, but it has not been widely adopted, in part because it is a gas.
Liquid fuels are much easier to handle and store, hence the new bionic leaf’s importance.
• In the bionic leaf, the hydrogen gas is fed to a metabolically engineered version of a bacterium
called Ralstonia eutropha. The bacteria combine the hydrogen with carbon dioxide as they
divide to make more cells, and then, produce isopropanol (rubbing alcohol), which can be
burned in an engine much like the gasoline additive ethanol.
• Members of Silver’s lab have been working to perfect the tricky interface between the catalyst
and the bacteria, so that they will thrive and grow optimally. In its first iteration, the bionic leaf
matched the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants, far below the capabilities of Nocera’s
underlying artificial leaf. Now the team is working to surpass blue-green algae, which—at 5
percent efficiency—do better at photosynthesis than plants. Colón has been developing a
strain of the bacterium that grows well even at the lower voltages that might be emitted by the
solar wafer at the system’s core on a cloudy day, for example; this could dramatically improve
overall efficiency. Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 21
(excerpt from an article in Harvard magazine)
COMPONENTS OF BIONIC LEAF
• A bionic leaf is a bio-hybrid system that mimics the natural process of photosynthesis to convert
sunlight into chemical energy. It typically consists of several key components that work together
to facilitate this conversion. Here are the main components of a bionic leaf:
• Light Harvesting System: The bionic leaf includes a light harvesting system, which can be
artificial or natural, to efficiently capture sunlight. In some designs, light-absorbing dyes or
semiconductor materials are incorporated to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency.
• Catalysts: The bionic leaf incorporates catalysts, such as enzymes (Examples: Hydrogenase,
Nitrogenase, etc.), synthetic catalysts (Example: Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase)), or biological catalysts (example: Ralstonia eutropha) to facilitate the
chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis. These catalysts play a crucial role in splitting
water molecules, generating electrons, and catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels
or other chemical compounds.
• Electron Transfer Pathway: An electron transfer pathway is, ; an essential component of the
bionic leaf system. It allows the generated electrons from water splitting to be efficiently
transported to the catalysts involved in carbon dioxide reduction or other chemical reactions.
This pathway ensures the flow of electrons necessary for fuel production or other desired
chemical transformations.
• Carbon Dioxide Source: To sustain the photosynthetic process, a Bionic leaf requires a source of
carbon dioxide. This can be obtained from various sources, including ambient air, industrial
emissions, or concentrated carbon dioxide solutions.
• Energy Storage or Conversion System: The bionic leaf includes an energy storage or conversion
system to capture and store the chemical energy produced during photosynthesis. This can
involve the production of hydrogen gas, liquid fuels, or other energy-rich compounds that can be
stored and used as needed.
• Control and Monitoring System: To optimize performance and ensure efficient operation, a
bionic leaf typically incorporates a control and monitoring system. This system monitors various
parameters such as light intensity, temperature, pH, and carbon dioxide levels, and allows for
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 22
adjustments and optimization of the overall process.
 • A flow chart of the working principle of bionic leaf is given below:
• Sunlight is captured and directed to the bionic leaf. The bionic leaf contains a catalyst (typically a special type of bacteria or an artificial
catalyst) and a water-splitting enzyme. Sunlight energy is used to split water molecules (H20) into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen (02)
through a process called photolysis.

• The hydrogen ions (H+) generated from water splitting combine with electrons from an external source (e.g., a wire) to form hydrogen
gas(H2).

• The generated hydrogen gas (H2) can be collected and stored for later use as a clean and renewable energy source.

• The bionic leaf also absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air or a supplied source.

• The Absorbed carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted into carbon-based compounds such as formic acid or methane, through a redirection
reaction.

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 23

• The carbon-based compounds can be used as a fuel or converted into other useful chemicals.
APPLICATIONS OF BIONIC LEAF
TECHNOLOGY
• Here are some applications of bionic leaf technology:
• Renewable Energy Production: One of the primary applications of bionic leaf technology is in the production of
renewable energy. Bionic leaf systems can harness solar energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of
hydrogen gas or other carbon-based fuels. These fuels can be used as clean energy sources for various applications,
including transportation, electricity generation, and heating.
• Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Bionic leaf technology offers a promising solution for mitigating the rising levels of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. By capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide as a feedstock, bionic leaf systems can potentially
help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. This application holds significant potential for carbon
capture and utilization (CCU) strategies.
• Sustainable Chemical Production: Bionic leaf systems can be utilized for sustainable chemical production. By utilizing
carbon dioxide and renewable energy, these systems can produce a wide range of valuable chemicals, such as fertilizers,
plastics, and pharmaceuticals. This application offers a more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient approach to
chemical synthesis.
• Agriculture and Food Production: Bionic leaf technology can have applications in agriculture and food production. By
utilizing sunlight and carbon dioxide, bionic leaf systems can generate oxygen and energy-rich compounds that can
enhance plant growth and improve crop yields. This technology can potentially contribute to sustainable agriculture
practices and help address global food security challenges.
• Remote and Off-Grid Areas: Bionic leaf systems can provide a decentralized and off-grid energy solution for remote or
underdeveloped areas. By harnessing solar energy and producing clean fuels, these systems can offer sustainable power
sources for communities without access to conventional energy infrastructure. enabling them to meet their energy needs
and improve their quality of life.
• Environmental Remediation: Bionic leaf technology has the potential to aid in environmental remediation efforts. By
utilizing the energy generated from sunlight, bionic leaf systems can power processes that remove pollutants or
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 24
contaminants from air, water, or soil, contributing to the restoration and preservation of ecosystems.
 3. BIRD FLYING
(GPS AND AIRCRAFTS)

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 25

BIRD FLYING
• Birds fly by flapping their wings and using their body weight and
the movement of the air to stay aloft. They navigate using
combination of visual cues, the Earth's magnetic field, and celestial
navigation.
• Aircraft, on the other hand, use engines to generate thrust and lift
from the wings to stay in the air navigate using a combination of
instruments and systems, including GPS (Global Positioning
System), which uses satellite signals to determine the aircraft's
position and help it navigate. Although birds and aircraft both fly,
their mechanisms and methods of navigation are quite different.
• Birds flying influenced the invention of aircraft in that early aviation
pioneers, such as the Wright brothers, observed and studied the
flight of birds to develop their flying machines. They noted how
birds used their wings and body to achieve lift and control their
flight, and used this knowledge to design and improve aircraft.
• The development of GPS technology was not directly influenced by
birds, but rather by the need for accurate and reliable navigation
systems for various purposes, including aviation. GPS uses a
network of satellites to provide location and time information,
which is used by aircraft for navigation,Krithika
communication, and safety
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 26
The science behind the birds’ flies using its wings and
holding their body weight in air
• The ability of birds to fly and support their body weight in the air is a result of various anatomical
and physiological adaptations. Here’s a Simplified Explanation of the science behind bird flight:
• Wing Shape: Birds have specialized wings with a unique shape that generates lift. The wings are
curved on the upper surface and flatter on the bottom, creating a pressure difference known as
Bernoulli's principle. This pressure difference generates lift, allowing birds to stay airborne.
• Wing Muscles: Birds have strong flight muscles attached to their wings, allowing them to flap their
wings vigorously. The upstroke and downstroke motion of the wings generates thrust, propelling
the bird forward through the air.
• Hollow Bones: Birds have lightweight bones that are hollow and filled with air sacs, reducing their
overall weight. This makes it easier for them to stay aloft.
• Feathers: Feathers play a crucial role in flight. They provide both lift and control. The primary
feathers at the tips of the wings help generate lift, while the tail feathers assist in maneuvering and
stabilizing during flight.
• Respiratory System: Birds have a unique respiratory system that allows for efficient oxygen
exchange. Air flows unidirectionally through their lungs, as well as through a system of air sacs
located throughout their body. This constant supply of oxygen fuels - their high metabolic demands
during flight.
• Efficient Circulatory System: Birds have a highly efficient circulatory system that delivers oxygen-
rich blood to their muscles and organs. Their heart rate increases during flight, ensuring a steady
supply of oxygen to meet the demands of their active muscles.
• Flight Control: Birds have remarkable coordination and control over their flight. They can adjust the
angle and shape of their wings, control their speed and direction, and perform intricate aerial
maneuvers using their tail, wings, and body movements.
• It's important to note that bird flight is a complex process influenced by several factors, including
aerodynamics, muscle strength, metabolic efficiency, and specialized adaptations. The science
behind bird flight continues to be an area of studyKrithika
and fascination forDept
researchers and aviation
of Biotechnology, AIT 27
engineers alike.
GPS TECHNOLOGY
• GPS (Global Positioning System) is a technology that uses a network of satellites to
provide location and time information to users. The technology works by
measuring the time it takes for signals to travel from satellites to a receiver on
the ground or in a vehicle, and using this information to calculate the user's
position. Here are some key components of GPS technology:
• Satellites: The GPS satellite network consists of 24-32 satellites orbiting the Earth.
These satellites continuously broadcast signals containing information about their
location, time, and status.
• Receivers: GPS receivers, which are typically integrated into devices such as
smartphones, navigation system, and aircraft, receive signals from GPS satellite
and use the information to calculate the user’s position.
• Control segments: The control segments consist of ground-based monitoring
stations that track the GPS satellite, check the accuracy of their signals and make
adjustments as needed.
• User segments: The user segments consist of the GPS receivers used by individual
and organization to obtain location and time information.
• GPS technology has a wide range of applications, including navigation, mapping,
surveying, search and rescue, and military operations. The accuracy and reliability
of GPS have improved over time, and the technology continues to evolve with new
developments in satellite and receiver technology, as well as the integration of GPS
with other technologies such as augmented reality and artificial
Krithika intelligence.
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 28
IMPORTANCE OF GPS
TECHNOLOGY IN AIRCRAFTS
• GPS technology is essential for aircraft navigation and guidance. Here's how it is
used:
• Positioning and Navigation: GPS helps aircraft accurately determine their position
and follow precise routes. Signals from satellites are received by GPS receivers
onboard, allowing the system to calculate the aircraft's position.
• Flight Planning: GPS assists pilots and planners in creating optimal flight plans,
considering waypoints, altitudes, and current information on navigation aids,
weather, and airspace restrictions.
• Approach and Landing: GPS-based navigation systems provide precise guidance
during approach and landing, even in low visibility. This enhances safety and
reduces reliance on ground-based navigation aids.
• Air Traffic Management: GPS is integrated into air traffic management systems,
improving airspace efficiency, reducing congestion, optimizing routing, and
enhancing aircraft tracking and situational awareness for controllers.
• Collision Avoidance: GPS contributes to collision avoidance systems like TCAS and
ADS-B. These systems use GPS data to track nearby aircraft, provide alerts, and
ensure safe separation.
• Flight Data Recording: GPS data is often recorded by flight data recording systems,
aiding post-flight analysis, accident investigation, and overall flight safety
improvements.
• GPS technology has revolutionized aircraft navigation and has become an integral
part of modem aviation. It provides accurate positioning, enhances safety,
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 29
improves operational efficiency, and contributes to the overall advancement of the
COMPARING BIRDS AND AIRCRAFTS WITH
GPS TECHNOLOGY FOR NAVIGATION
Criteria Aircrafts Birds
Mechanism GPS technology in aircraft relies on signals received from Birds use a combination of visual cues, magnetic fields, landmarks,
satellites to determine precise position, velocity, and time. and celestial navigation to navigate and orient themselves during
flight.

Accuracy GPS technology provides highly accurate position Birds have remarkable navigational abilities but may not possess
information with a margin of error typically within a few the same level of accuracy as GPS. However, birds can adjust their
meters. flight path based on real-time environmental cues, which allows for
more dynamic and adaptable navigation.

Sensory Input GPS technology relies solely on receiving satellite signals. Birds integrate various sensory inputs for navigation. They can
perceive and interpret visual cues, such as landmarks and the
position of the sun or stars and they may also have sensitivity to
Earth's magnetic field, enabling them to navigate across vast
distances.

Adaptability GPS technology in aircraft provides consistent and reliable Birds, on the other hand, demonstrate remarkable adaptability in
navigation regardless of the environmental condition or time their navigation abilities. They can adjust their flight paths based
of day. on changing weather conditions, wind patterns, and other factors,
which allows for efficient long-distance migration and navigation
through complex landscapes.

Evolutionary Aspect GPS technology is a human-made innovation designed to Birds, however, have evolved over millions of years, developing
enhance navigation and safety in aircraft. specialized neural and physiological adaptations that enable them
to navigate and fly efficiently in diverse habitats
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 30
AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY
• Aircraft technology has advanced significantly since the first powered flight
by the Wright brothers in 1903. Here are some key components of modem
aircraft technology:
• Aerodynamics: Modern aircraft are designed to be more aerodynamic, with
wing shapes optimized for lift and efficiency. Advanced materials and
manufacturing techniques have also been developed to reduce weight and
improve durability.
• Jet engines: Jet engines, which use the principles of Newton's third law of
motion to produce thrust, have replaced propeller engines in most modern
aircraft. These engines are more powerful, fuel-efficient, and reliable.
• Avionics: Avionics, or aviation electronics, have advanced significantly with
the development of digital technology. Flight instruments, navigation
systems, and communication systems have become more precise, reliable,
and sophisticated.
• Safety systems: Aircraft safety systems have been developed to reduce the
risk of accidents and improve passenger safety. These include systems for
collision avoidance, weather detection, and emergency response.
• Automation: Aircraft automation has increased significantly in recent years,
with the development of advanced autopilot systems and computerized flight
control systems. This technology has made flying safer and more efficient,
but has also raised concerns about pilot training
Krithika
and the potential for
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 31
overreliance on automation.
BIO MIMICKING BIRDS FLY FOR
AIRCRAFT
• Biomimicry, or the practice ofTECHNOLOGY
using designs and processes found in nature to
solve human problems, has led to the development of various technologies
inspired by birds’ flight. Some examples include:
• Wing design: The shape of bird wings has inspired the design of aircraft
wings, which have evolved to be more aerodynamic and fuel-efficient as a
result. The study of bird flight has also led to the development of winglets,
small structures at the tip of wings that reduce drag and increase lift.
• Flapping-Wing drones: Researches have developed drones that use flapping
wings to fly, mimicking the way birds and insects fly. These drones can be
used for various application, such as monitoring crops and wildlife, inspecting
building and infrastructure, and search and rescue operations.
• Soaring algorithms: Soaring refers to the flight technique used by birds and
certain aircraft to stay aloft and travel long distances with minimal energy
expenditure. It involves utilizing rising air currents, such as thermals, ridge lift,
wind shear, or atmospheric waves, to gain altitude and maintain flight. Birds
use thermals, or columns of rising warm air, to gain altitude and soar.
Researchers have developed algorithms inspired by bird flight to help gliders
and other aircraft use thermals more efficiently, leading to longer and more
sustainable flights.
• Landing gear: The legs and feet of birds have inspired the design of landing
gear for aircraft, with shock-absorbing and retractable structures that help
absorb impact upon landing. Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 32
 • Lift, Drag, and Thrust:
• The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those
of aircraft, in which the aerodynamic forces sustain
flight lift, drag, and thrust.
• Lift force is produced by the action of airflow on the
wing, which is an airfoil. The airfoil is shaped such
that the air provides a net upward force on the wing,
while the movement of air is directed downward.
The additional net lift may come from airflow around
the bird's body in some species, especially during
intermittent flight while the wings are folded or
semi-folded (cf. lifting body).
• Aerodynamic drag is the force opposite to the
direction of motion, and hence the source of energy
loss in flight.
• The drag force can be separated into two portions,
lift-induced drag, which is the inherent cost of the
wing producing lift (this energy ends up primarily in
the wingtip vortices), and parasitic drag, including
skin friction drag from the friction of air and body
surfaces and form drag from the bird's frontal area.
The streamlining of the bird's body and wings
reduces these forces.
• Unlike aircraft, which have engines to produce
Krithika
thrust, birds flap their wings with a given flapping
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 33
amplitude and frequency to generate thrust.
4. LOTUS LEAF EFFECT
(SUPER HYDROPHOBIC AND
SELF-CLEANING SURFACES)

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 34

LOTUS LEAF EFFECT
The lotus leaf effect, also known as the "lotus effect," refers to the ability of lotus
leaves to repel water and self-clean through their unique surface structure. This
effect has inspired the development of super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces,
which have a wide range of applications in various industries.
• The lotus leaf surface has a microscale and nano scale structure that consists of
numerous small bumps and wax-coated hairs. This structure creates a high contact
angle between the water droplets and the surface, causing the droplets to roll off
and carry away the dirt or debris.
• This self-cleaning property is due to the lotus leaf’s ability to repel water and resist
adhesion.
• Super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces have applications in industries such
as aerospace, automotive, building materials, and medical devices. For example,
self-cleaning coatings can be used on the exterior of buildings to reduce the need
for cleaning and maintenance, while super hydrophobic coatings can be used to
prevent icing on aircraft wings.
• The Principle of Super hydrophobic Surfaces
• The super hydrophobic effect refers to the ability of certain surfaces to repel water
and resist wetting. Super hydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a high contact
angle between water droplets and the surface, typically over 150 degrees, and a
low contact angle hysteresis, meaning that the droplets roll off the surface with
ease. Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 35
SUPER HYDROPHOBIC
• Materials and Examples
EFFECT
• Super hydrophobic surfaces are created by modifying the surface chemistry and structure
of materials to achieve extremely high-water repellency. Several materials and coating
techniques are used to prepare super hydrophobic surfaces. Here are some commonly used
materials and examples:
• Fluoropolymers: Fluoropolymer-based coatings are widely used for super hydrophobic
surfaces due to their low surface energy and water-repellent properties.
• Examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)
coatings.
• Silica-based Nanoparticles: These nanoparticles create a rough surface structure that trap
air pockets, preventing water from wetting the surface. Additionally, the surface can be
modified with hydrophobic molecules. Examples include silica nanoparticles coated with
hydrophobic agents like alkylsilanes.
• Carbon-bed Materials: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and carbon nanofibers are
used to create super hydrophobic surfaces. These materials can be aligned or randomly
distributed to form a rough surface with hydrophobic properties. The combination of their
unique structures and hydrophobic coatings contributes to water repellency.
• Metal-based Materials: Various metals and metal oxides can be used to create super
hydrophobic surfaces. One approach involves creating micro/nanostructured surfaces using
etching techniques, such as chemical etching or electrochemical etching, on metals like
aluminum, copper, or stainless steel. These structures, combined with appropriate surface
treatments, enhance water repellency.
• Hybrid coatings can be formed by combining nanoparticles, polymers, and other materials
to achieve synergistic effects and optimize superKrithika
hydrophobic properties.
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 36
TECHNIQUES USED TO PREPARE SUPER
HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES
• To prepare super hydrophobic surfaces, various techniques are employed to modify the surface
structure and chemistry of materials. Here are some commonly used techniques:
• Sol-Gel Method: The sol-gel process involves the synthesis of inorganic materials from a solution (sol)
that undergoes a gelation process to form a solid network. By controlling the composition and structure
of the sol-gel materials, super hydrophobic coatings can be created on various substrates.
• Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
• Electrochemical Methods: Electrochemical techniques like anodization and electroplating can be
employed to create super hydrophobic surfaces.
• Micro/Nanostructuring Techniques: Various fabrication methods can be used to create micro- and
nanostructures on surfaces, which contribute to super hydrophobicity. Examples include:
• Photolithography
• Laser Ablation
• Nanosphere Lithography
• Electrospinning
• Chemical Modification
• These are just a few examples of the techniques used to prepare super hydrophobic surfaces. Each
technique has its advantages, and the choice depends on the specific material, substrate, and desired
surface characteristics. Often, a combination of techniques is used to achieve optimal super
hydrophobic properties. Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 37
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF SUPER
HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES
• Super hydrophobic surfaces have potential applications in the electronics, automobile, and aerospace industries, offering several benefits in these sectors. Here are
some specific applications:
• Electronics Industry:
• Waterproofing Electronics: Super hydrophobic coatings can protect electronic components from water damage. By applying super hydrophobic coatings on circuit
boards, connectors, and other sensitive electronic parts, water ingress can be minimized, improving the reliability and durability of electronic devices.
• Moisture Resistance: Electronic devices exposed to humid environments or moisture-prone conditions benefit from super hydrophobic coatings. These coatings
prevent moisture from reaching heal electronic components, reducing the risk of short circuits, corrosion and malfunction.
• Self-Cleaning Displays: Super hydrophobic coatings applied to displays and touch screens repel water, oils, and fingerprints, making them easier to clean and
maintain. This improves the visibility and functionality of electronic displays, especially in outdoor or light-touch application.
• Automobile Industry
• Anti-Fogging Windows and Mirrors: Super hydrophobic coatings can be used on automobile windows and mirrors to prevent fogging or condensation formation.
The water-repellent property helps maintain clear visibility, enhancing driver safety and comfort in humid or cold weather conditions.
• Self-Cleaning Surfaces: Applying super hydrophobic coatings to the exterior surfaces of vehicles can facilitate self-cleaning by repelling water, dirt, and
contaminants. This reduces the need for frequent washing and maintenance, keeping the vehicle cleaner and improving its appearance.
• Fuel Efficiency: Super hydrophobic coatings can reduce drag and frictional resistance on vehicle surfaces, leading to improved aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. By
minimizing water adhesion, the coatings help reduce the accumulation of water droplets on the vehicle's exterior, decreasing drag and optimizing performance.
• Aerospace Industry:
• Anti-Icing and Deicing: Super hydrophobic coatings applied to aircraft surfaces can prevent ice formation or facilitate ice removal. This is particularly important for
critical areas such as wings, engine components, and sensors, helping to ensure safe operations and reducing the risk of ice-related incidents.
• Drag Reduction: Super hydrophobic coatings on aircraft surfaces can minimize frictional drag during flight, leading to improved fuel efficiency and reduced
emissions. The water-repellent property helps maintain a smooth airflow over the surface, optimizing aerodynamic performance.
• Corrosion Resistance: Super hydrophobic coatings can protect aerospace components from corrosion caused by exposure to moisture, rain, or harsh environments
by repelling water and reducing surface contact with corrosive agents these coating
Krithika Dept help preserve the
of Biotechnology, AITstructural integrity and lifespan of aerospace equipment.
38
SELF-CLEANING SURFACES
• Self-cleaning surfaces are a class of materials with the inherent ability to remove any debris or bacteria from their surfaces in a
variety of ways. The self-cleaning functionality of these surfaces are commonly inspired by natural phenomena observed in
lotus leaves, gecko feet, and water striders to name a few. Natural surfaces like butterfly wings, fish scales and lotus leaves also
exhibits self cleaning property.
• Self cleaning material surfaces fall under two categories, hydrophilic and hydrophobic. These surfaces are typically super
hydrophobic and have a high contact angle with water, which causes water droplets to bead up and roll off the surface,
carrying away any dirt or debris.
• Principle of Self-Cleaning Surfaces
• The principle of self-cleaning surfaces is based on two main mechanisms: the reduction of surface energy and the modification
of surface texture. These mechanisms work together to minimize the adhesion of water, and oilier contaminants, enabling the
self-cleaning effect.
• Here's a breakdown of the principle:
• Low Surface Energy: Self-cleaning surfaces often have low surface energy, which means they- have a reduced affinity for liquid
and solid particles. This property is typically achieved through the application of hydrophobic or oleophobic coatings, such as
fluoropolymers or other low-surface- energy materials.
• Lotus Effect: When water droplets come into contact with the leaf surface, they form near-perfect spheres and roll off,
collecting dirt and contaminants along the way.
• Micro/Nanostructured Surfaces: Surface texture plays a crucial role in self-cleaning surfaces. Microscopic or nanoscopic
structures can be engineered or naturally occurring on a surface to create a roughness that limits the contact between the
surface and contaminants. These structures can trap air pockets, causing liquids to form droplets with reduced contact area,
minimizing adhesion. The trapped air can act as a lubricant, aiding in the easy removal of particles.
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 39
APPLICATION OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES AND COATINGS
• Architecture and Building Materials: Self-cleaning glass for windows and facades
• Solar Panels: Self-cleaning coatings on solar panels prevent the accumulation of dust and dirt on the surface
• Automotive Industry: Vehicle exteriors, including car windows and windshields
• Electronics: Self-cleaning coatings can be used on electronic displays, touchscreens, and optical lenses.
• Textiles: Outdoor clothing, upholstery, and carpets.
• Medical Equipment: Hospital furniture, beds, and surfaces prone to contamination
• Kitchen and Bathroom Surfaces: Kitchen countertops, sinks, and bathroom fixtures to repel water, oils, and stains
• Outdoor Signage and Billboards
• Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems: Self-cleaning coatings on filters and ducts
• Food and Beverage Industry: Food processing equipment and containers

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 40

5. PLANT BURRS AND VELCRO

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 41

PLANT BURRS AND VELCRO
• Plant burrs, such as those found on burdock, inspired the invention of Velcro, a popular hook-and-loop fastening system.
The Burrs have small hooks that can latch onto clothing, fur, or feathers, allowing them to disperse their seeds over a wider
area.
• Velcro was invented by Swiss engineer George De Mestral in 1941, after he became fascinated by the way burrs clung to his
clothes and his dog's fur during a walk. The name "Velcro" is actually a combination of the words "velvet" and "crochet," as
the fabric strips resemble velvet and are hooked together like crochet.
• He examined the burrs under a microscope and found that they had small hooks that could latch onto loops in fabric. De
Mestral spent years experimenting with different materials before finally developing Velcro, which consists of two strips of
nylon fabric, one with tiny hooks and the other with small loops.
• When pressed together, the hooks latch onto the loops, creating a strong bond that can be easily detached by pulling the
two strips apart. Velcro has a wide range of applications, including in clothing, shoes, bags, and medical devices. It has
become a popular alternative to traditional fasteners, such as buttons and zippers, due to its ease of use and versatility.

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 42

MATERIAL USED IN VELCRO
TECHNOLOGY
• Velcro Technology uses two main materials: Nylon and Polyester.
• The nylon is extruded to create tiny hooks that are then cut and
shaped into the familiar hooks shape. These hooks are designed to
latch onto the loop side of the velcro. The loop side of velcro is
made of polyester. The polyester is woven into a fabric that has
many tiny loops. When the loops are pressed against the hook side
of the Velcro, the Hooks latch onto the loops, creating a secure
attachment.
• In addition to nylon and polyester, the adhesive used to attach the
Velcro to surfaces. Some types of types of Velcro use a pressure-
sensitive adhesive that can be easily removed without leaving a
residue, while others use a stronger adhesive that creates a more
permanent bond.

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 43

ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF VELCRO TECHNOLOGY
• Clothing and footwear:
• Velcro is commonly used in clothing and footwear for closures and adjustable straps. It can be easily opened
and closed, making it convenient for users with limited dexterity or mobility.
• Medical devices:
• Velcro is used in medical devices such as braces, splints, and compression garments for its adjustable and secure
fastening capabilities.
• Aerospace equipment:
• Velcro is used in aerospace equipment, such as satellites any air spacecraft, to secure components in place and
prevent them from vibrating or shifting during launch or flight.
• Automotive industry:
• Velcro is used in the automotive industry for a range of applications such as securing carpets and headliners,
and attaching door panels and seat cushions.
• Packaging industry:
• Velcro is used in the packaging industry for reasonable closure on bags, pouches, and other types of packaging.
• Sports equipment:
• Velcro is used in s p o r t s e q u i p m e n t s u c h a s h e l m e t s a n d gloves, for its ability to provide a secure and
adjustable. Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 44
 6. SHARK SKIN
(FRICTION REDUCING SWIM
SUITS)

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 45

SHARK SKIN AND FRICTION
REDUCING SWIM SUITS
• The denticles on shark skin have evolved over millions of years to reduce drag and increase swimming efficiency. These structures
disrupt the flow of water around the shark's body, reducing turbulence and minimizing the formation of vortices. As a result, sharks
can swim faster and with less effort compared to other fish.
• Denticles on shark skin are like tiny bumps or ridges. They disrupt the flow of water around the shark's body, making it smoother and
reducing turbulence. This disruption reduces the resistance the shark experiences as it swims, allowing it to move faster and with less
effort.
• Turbulence is when a fluid, like water or air, becomes chaotic and unpredictable. Instead of flowing smoothly, it swirls and forms
irregular patterns. This turbulence creates resistance or drag, which makes it harder for things to move through the fluid. In
swimming, reducing turbulence is important because it helps to minimize resistance, swimmers to move more easily and efficiently
through the water.
• Each dermal denticle has microscopic grooves running along it longitudinally, in alignment with water flow when the shark swims
forward. These little grooves speed up slower water by pulling faster water around the shark onto the shark’s skin and mixes it with
the slower water, bringing up the average speed of water on the shark’s skin. Denticles also channel the flow of water and cut up
sheets of water traveling over a shark’s skin and breaking it up into smaller, less turbulent vortices

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 46

• Frictionless Swim Suits
• Shark skin has inspired the development of friction-reducing swim suits, which are
designed to improve the performance of swimmers by reducing drag in the water. Friction-
reducing swim suit use a similar structure to that of shark skin to reduce drag and improve
swimmer performance these suits are made from high-tech materials that mimic the
properties of shark skin, such as the shape and size of the denticles.
• Materials Used
• The materials used to friction-reducing swim suits inspired by shark skin include:
• Polyurethane- A type of per that is commonly used in the production of swim suits, as it is
durable and can be molded to a variety of shapes.
• Lycra/ Spandex: Lycra and spandex are made from the same synthetic fiber, which is
technically called elastane. Elastane fibers are typically composed of a polymer called
polyurethane which is then blended with other fibers like nylon, polyester, or cotton) that
is known for its stretch and flexibility.
• High-tech fabrics: A range of high-tech fabrics have been developed specifically for use in
swim suits. These fabrics are designed to be lightweight, water-repellent, and
hydrodynamic, and often incorporate materials such as silicone or Teflon to reduce drag.
• Examples
• • Speedo Fastskin: This swim suit was designed based on the structure of shark skin and is
made from a high-tech fabric that incorporates a range of materials to reduce drag and
turbulence in the water.
• • Arena Powerskin Carbon Ultra: Another example of a friction-reducing swim suit, the
Arena Powerskin Carbon Ultra is made from a combination of polyurethane and high-tech
fabrics to provide a hydrodynamic and form-fitting design.
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 47
• TYR Venzo
7. KINGFISHER BEAK - BULLET TRAIN

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 48

KINGFISHER BEAK AND BULLET TRAIN
• The kingfisher beak is an excellent example of nature's design for
efficient diving and fishing. Its unique shape and structure enable the
kingfisher to minimize the impact of water resistance and achieve a
successful dive.
• The Physics behind the Kingfisher Beak
• Streamlining: The beak of a kingfisher is long, slender, and sharply
pointed, which helps reduce drag or air resistance as the bird dives
into the water. The streamlined shape allows the kingfisher to
smoothly cut through the air and minimize the energy required for the
dive.
• Surface Tension: When the kingfisher hits the water, it encounters the
resistance caused by surface tension. Surface tension is the cohesive
force between water molecules that creates a "skin" on the water's
surface. The sharp beak of the kingfisher helps to pierce through the
water's surface, breaking the surface tension and reducing the force
required to enter the water.
• Minimizing Splash: As the kingfisher dives, it needs to enter the water
with minimal disturbance to avoid scaring away the fish it intends to
catch. The shape of the beak helps to reduce the splash generated
upon entry. The beak's narrow and pointed design helps create a
smooth entry by minimizing the disturbance of the water surface,
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 49
allowing the kingfisher to enter silently and effectively.
• The use of the kingfisher beak as a design inspiration for the front of the bullet train is an example of
how nature-inspired engineering can lead to innovative solutions that improve the performance and
efficiency of Shinkansen bullet train of Japan is the best example which used the biomimicry of
kingfisher's beak.
• Aerodynamic Design: The front of the Shinkansen is meticulously shaped to reduce air resistance and
improve aerodynamic performance. The streamlined design minimizes drag as the train travels at high
speeds, allowing it to maintain stability and efficiency. The smooth, tapered shape reduces the pressure
difference between the front and rear of the train, reducing noise and vibration.
• Pressure Wave Reduction: When a high-speed train moves through a tunnel, it creates pressure waves
that can cause noise and discomfort for passengers. The nose of the Shinkansen is designed to reduce
these pressure waves by effectively managing airflow and minimizing the compression and expansion
of air as the train enters and exits tunnels. This reduces the noise level and enhances passenger
comfort.

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 50

Human

Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 51

HUMAN BLOOD SUBSTITUTES
• Human blood substitutes are synthetic products that are designed to act as a replacement for
blood in the human body.
• Basic Requirement for Human Blood Substitutes
• Effective Oxygen Transport: Human blood substitutes must be capable of efficiently carrying and
delivering oxygen to the body's tissues. This is a fundamental function of natural blood that any
substitute should be able to replicate or improve upon.
• Safety and Compatibility: Blood substitutes should be safe for use in the human body and well-
tolerated by the recipient. They should not cause significant adverse reactions, toxicity, or immune
responses. Additionally, they should not interfere with normal blood clotting or other essential
physiological processes.
• Storage and Transport: Human blood substitutes should be stable and capable of being stored and
transported easily. This is particularly important in emergency situations or areas where access to
blood products may be limited. The ability to store and transport substitutes effectively ensures their
availability when needed.
• Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability: Blood substitutes should be cost-effective and sealable for
widespread use in medical settings. They should be affordable and feasible to produce in large
quantities, meeting the potential demand for blood products.
• Types of HBS There are two types of human blood
Krithika
substitutes - hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 52
(HBOCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFC's)
ADVANTAGES OF HEMOGLOBIN-BASED
OXYGEN CARRIERS
• Increased oxygen-carrying capacity: HBOCs can potentially carry more oxygen
per unit volume than whole blood. This can be advantageous in situations
where there is a need for rapid oxygen delivery or when there is limited
availability of blood for transfusion.
• Universal compatibility: Unlike blood transfusions, which require blood typing
and cross-matching to ensure compatibility, HBOCs can potentially be
universally compatible with any blood type. This can be particularly useful in
emergency situations or in areas where blood matching facilities are limited.
• Longer shelf life: HBOCs have the potential for longer storage and shelf life
compared to donated blood, which has a limited lifespan. This can improve
availability of oxygen-carrying substitutes in critical situations and reduce the
need for frequently it blood donations.
• Reduced risk of infections: Blood transfusions carry a small risk of
transmitting infection, such as viruses or bacteria, from the donor to the
recipient since HBOC’s are synthetic and do not rely on human donors, the
risk of infections associated with transaction can be significantly reduced.
• Availability in Remote or Challenging settings: In remote or underdeveloped
area where access to safe blood transaction may be limited HBO’s can
potentially provide a viable alternative for oxygen delivery. This can be
particularly beneficial in military setting disaster relief efforts, or during
transport of patients where immediate access
Krithika to bloodDept
is not feasible.AIT
of Biotechnology, 53
LIMITATIONS/RISKS OF USING HBOCS
• Limited oxygen release: One of the challenges with HBOCs is ensuring efficient
oxygen release to the tissues. The oxygen dissociation curve of HBOCs may differ
from that of natural red blood cells, potentially leading to inadequate oxygen delivery
to tissues in certain conditions.
• Short half-life: HBOCs tend to have a shorter half-life in the body compared to
natural red blood cells. This means that the HBOCs may be rapidly cleared from
circulation, reducing their effectiveness and requiring more frequent doses or
infusions.
• Nitric oxide scavenging: HBOCs have a tendency to scavenge nitric oxide, a molecule
important for regulating blood vessel dilation and maintaining normal blood flow.
Excessive nitric oxide scavenging by HBOCs can lead to vasoconstriction, impairing
blood flow to vital organs and potentially causing adverse cardiovascular effects.
• Renal toxicity: Some HBOCs have shown a potential for renal toxicity, causing
damage to the kidneys. This can be a significant concern as the kidneys play a crucial
role in filtering and excreting waste
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Dept of from the
Biotechnology, AIT body 54
LIMITATIONS/RISKS OF USING HBOCS
• Immunogenicity and adverse reactions: HBOCs can trigger immune responses
in the body, potentially le adding to allergic reactions or other adverse events.
Immunogenicity can vary between different HBOC products and individuals, and
careful monitoring is necessary to identify and manage any potential adverse
reactions.
• Regulatory challenges: HBOCs are subject to rigorous regulatory scrutiny due to
their potential risks and complex nature. Obtaining regulatory approval for
HBOC s can be a lengthy and costly process, and several HBOC products have
faced setbacks in their development due to safety concerns.
• Interference with diagnostic tests: HBOCs can interfere with certain laboratory
tests. such as those measuring bilirubin or liver enzymes. This interference can
complicate the interpretation of results and potentially lead to diagnostic errors.

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EXAMPLES OF HBOCS
• There are several examples of hemglobin-based oxygen carriers
(HBOCs) that have been developed or are currently in development.
Here are a few examples:
• Hemopure: Hemopure is an HBOC that is made from bovine
hemoglobin. It has been approved for use in South Africa, Russia, and
some other countries.
• Oxyglobin: Oxyglobin is another HBOC that is made from bovine
hemoglobin. It is approved for veterinary use in the United States and
has been used to treat anemia in dogs.
• Hemospan: Hemospan is an HBOC that is being developed by Sangart
Inc. It is currently in clinical trials and has shown promise in increasing
oxygen delivery to tissues.
• MP4OX: MP4OX is an HBOC that is being developed by Baxter
Healthcare. It is designed to increase oxygen delivery to tissues and also
to scavenge harmful free radicals in the bloodstream.
• Hemolink: Hemolink is an HBOC that is being developed by Hemosol
Inc. It is designed to be used in trauma and surgical settings and has
shown promise in improving oxygen delivery to tissues.
(Note: Many countries have not yet given regulatory
Krithika approval for
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PERFLUOROCARBONS (PFCs)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are a type of human blood substitute that are designed to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues.
Unlike hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), which are based on natural proteins, PFCs are synthetic chemicals that are
similar in structure to some types of industrial solvents.
• Examples of PFCs
• Perftoran: Perftoran is a PFC that was developed in Russia and is used in several countries, including Russia, Ukraine and
China it has been used in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including trauma, heart attack, and stroke.
• Oxycyte: Oxycyte is a PFC that is being developed by Oxygen Biotherapeutics. It is Currently in clinical trails and has shown in
promise in increasing oxygen delivery to tissue in patients with traumatic brain injury.
• Oxycyte PFC Emulsion: This is another PFC based blood substitute being developed by oxygen biotherapeutics. It is designed
to be used as an oxygen carrier during surgery and other medical procedures.
• Hemopure-PFC: Hemopure-PFC is a hybrid blood substitute that combines a PFC with a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier. It is
being developed by HbO2 therapeutics and has shown promise in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues in preclinical studies.
• It’s important to note that while these technologies show promise they are still in developed and further studies are needed
to evaluate their safety and effectiveness.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PFCs
Advantages of PFC’s Limitations of PFCs
• High Oxygen-carrying capacity • Limited oxygen offloading
• Need for specialized administration methods
• Improved oxygen solubility • Short half-life
• Stability and long shelf life • Clearance and elimination: PFCs are primarily
eliminated from the body through the kinetics can vary
• No blood typing or cross-matching among individuals. This can impact their effectiveness
required and clearance rates potentially limiting their duration of
action.
• Unlike blood transactions which require • Side effects and toxicity: PFCs have the potential for
compatibility testing and matching of side effects and toxicity particularly if used in excessive
blood types, PFC’s are not dependent on amounts or for prolonged periods. Adverse effects can
blood typing this makes them potentially include respiratory distress, immune reactions, and
potential organ toxicity. The safety profile of PFCs needs
universal oxygen carries, suitable for use to be thoroughly studied and monitored.
in individuals of any blood type. • Regulatory considerations: PFCs are subject to
• Reduced risk of infection transmission regulatory approval and scrutiny, similar to other
medical products. Obtaining regulatory approval for
• Compatibility with diagnosticKrithika
tests PFC-based products can involve extensive testing
Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 58
and
evaluation to ensure their safety and efficiency.
Krithika Dept of Biotechnology, AIT 59