B.

Tech project on

Valorisation of steel slag aggregate for

Pavement Quality Concrete(PQC)

By- Prince Kumar Singh

Supervised by:- Dr M Selvam

Transportation Engineering Division

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Patna
Need of this Work

Why it is needed to find  3/4th of concrete composed

alternative of natural
of aggregate.
aggregate like steel slag ,  Limited natural aggregate
RAP etc ?
extracted from river bed.
 High carbon footprint in
transporting .
 Cost effective.

Why Rigid pavement like

PQC is now better then
flexible pavement ?  Longer Lifespan
 Better Load Distribution
 Lower Maintenance Costs
 Increased Light Reflectivity.

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Introduction of PQC

 Top layer of rigid pavement.

 Laid over a Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) sub-base.

 Layer thickness range from 150 to 300 mm.

Source: Google image
 Require steel reinforcements.

 Specific mix design, with low water-cement ratios.

 Used in National highways, Expressway , Airport runway.

Source: Google image

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How PQC pavement done on site

Spreading of PVC layer Channel fixing with nails & PQC material laying process
over DLC hammering and greasing through transit mixer

Vibration given by needle Plan roller at back make Auger rod at front, remove
vibrator the pavement plain excess concrete make level
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How PQC pavement done on site

Ramming with bottom and Structuring done after Insertion of tie bar in
finishing by floater 30min to 45min. transverse direction
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Curing with water for at Grove cutting after 24hr to Insertion of dowel bar in
least 28 day 48hr longitudinal direction
Introduction to steel slag

By product of steelmaking processes.

Formed during the melting of scrap steel in electric arc furnaces.

 High specific gravity from 2.8 to 3.4.

 Excellent resistance to fragmentation.

 Large use in road construction and in cement industry.

Free lime allows it to bind well in cementitious applications. Source: Google image

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Availability of Steel slag and challenges

For 1 ton steel, around 150-200 kg of steel slag is

generated.

120-130 million ton of crude steel annually and 18-26

million steel slag .

Volumetric instability.

Presence of heavy metals.

Chance of corrosion. Source: Google graph

Steel production in India per year

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Literature Review

Author Topic Properties Results

Binod etal Utilization of aged Air content of fresh • The air content increased from 1.90% for SA0 mixture to 3.10% for SA100
(2023) and unaged basic concrete, and 2.45% for SU100 mixtures, due to their vesicular structure.
oxygen furnace steel .
slag aggregates in Compressive and flexural • The maximum compressive and flexural strength found at 25%
pavement quality strength replacement, at 50% replacement even it has higher value then NA, after
concrete further replacement the strength value decreases.

Zhengyi etal Application of Steel Volume stability of steel • The production of Ca(OH)2 crystals causes the concrete to crack, providing
(2023) Slag as an Aggregate slag, enough room for ettringite growth. The growth of ettringite further
in Concrete promotes the expansion of cracks, allowing more water to enter the
Production concrete, and further aggravates the expansion of steel slag.
Density & water absorption, • High density as it is a by product of steel , high water absorption due to
more number of voids.
Workability, • Because SSA has a higher water absorption than NA, using SSA in concrete
reduces the amount of free water in the mix.
Mechanical properties, • SSA can maximum enhance the compressive, flexural, and split tensile
strength of ordinary concrete by up to 50%, 60%, and 60%, respectively.
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Research Gap

Lack of understanding of
Morphological characteristics
bonding between steel slag
of steel slag on PQC behavior.
and cement mortar

Variation of replacement level

Ideal replacement level of
for different grade of concrete
steel slag aggregate for PQC
mix.

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Objective

Main objective : Feasibility study of steel slag aggregate for Pavement Quality Concrete.

Sub-objective :-

To understand bonding behavior of steel slag through surface free energy measurement.

To study the physical, chemical and morphological characteristic of steel slag aggregate.

To investigate the optimal replacement level of coarse steel slag aggregate for PQC.

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Methodology

Literature Review

Material procurement

Materials Collection

Physical Morphological Fresh Surface Bonding Mechanical

Durability
Properties characteristics properties characteristics characteristics Strength

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Methodology

Physical Properties

Coarse natural
Fine natural aggregate Cement
aggregate & Steel slag

Specific gravity & Water Specific gravity & Water

Absorption test Absorption test Specific gravity

Abrasion test
Sieve analysis Consistency test

Impact test

Crushing test
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Methodology

Fresh Properties Bonding

Surface Characteristics
Characteristics

Compaction Fresh Surface Free Sand Patch

Slump Test Pull Out Test Skid Resistance
factor Density Energy method

Mechanical Strength Durability

Compressive Tensile Flexural Water

Porosity
Strength Strength Strength Absorption

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 Methodology

Morphological characteristics:-

a.) Angularity-

How sharp or blunt the edges of the aggregate particles are.

More angular particles generally interlock better.
Traditional measurements is based on gradient method.

b.)Texture-

Measure degree of roughness of surface.

Rough textures enhance the bond with cement..
Traditional measurement method is by wavelet theory.

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Methodology

c.) Form 2D-

This is shape and geometric characteristics of aggregate particles.

.Circular aggregate has 0 value.

.

Source: Google image

d.) Sphericity-

 Measure of the 3D characteristics of an aggregate.

 Measured by eigen vector method.

Source: Google image 15

AIMS Instrument

 Software used in various applications involving the capture, processing, and analysis of images combined
with precise control of motion systems.

Source: Google image Source: Google image Source: Google image 16

Thank you !!

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