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Advanced Concepts of Modeling

The document covers advanced concepts of modeling in AI, including the differentiation between AI, ML, and DL, as well as various types of AI models such as rule-based and learning-based models. It explains machine learning categories like supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, along with sub-categories like classification and clustering. Additionally, it discusses neural networks, including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks, detailing their structure and function in AI decision-making.

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Neha Goyal
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34 views21 pages

Advanced Concepts of Modeling

The document covers advanced concepts of modeling in AI, including the differentiation between AI, ML, and DL, as well as various types of AI models such as rule-based and learning-based models. It explains machine learning categories like supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, along with sub-categories like classification and clustering. Additionally, it discusses neural networks, including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks, detailing their structure and function in AI decision-making.

Uploaded by

Neha Goyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2.

Advancedconcepts of
Modeling in AI

Class X
Learning Outcomes:
Revisiting AI, ML and DL
•Differentiate between AI, ML and DL
• Common terminologies used with data

Modelling
• Types of AI models –Rule based, Learning based
• Categories of Machine learning based models –
• Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning models
• Sub-categories of Supervised Learning Model
– Classification, Regression
• Sub-categories of Unsupervised Learning Model
– Clustering, Association

Neural Networks

•What is neural network?


• How does AI make a decision?
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in robots that have been trained to think and act
like humans. The term can also refer to any machine that demonstrates, like humans, the ability to learn and solve
the problem is Artificial Intelligence.
Machine Learning (ML)
Machine learning is a part of an Artificial Intelligence application in which we give data to the machine and allow
them to learn for themselves. It’s essentially getting a machine to accomplish something without being specifically
programmed to do so. The machine learns from its mistakes and takes them into consideration in the next
execution. It improvises itself using its own experiences.

The above example shows labelled images (every image is tagged either as apple or strawberry) to be given as
input to the ML model. ML model learns from the input data to classify between apples and strawberries and
predicts the correct output .
Machine Learning, or ML,
enables machines to
improve at tasks with
experience. The machine
learns from its mistakes and
takes them into
consideration in the next
execution. It improvises
itself using its own
experiences.
Deep Learning, or DL,
enables software to train
itself to perform tasks with
vast amounts of data. In
deep learning, the machine
is trained with huge
amounts of data which
helps it into training itself
around the data. Following
is the block diagram of
deep learning:
Modelling
AI Modelling refers to developing algorithms, also called models which can be trained to
get intelligent outputs.
Rule Based Approach -Rule Based Approach refers to the AI modelling where the
relationship or patterns in data are defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules
or instructions mentioned by the developer, and performs its task accordingly.

A drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is static.


For example, A learning-based spam email filter is a computer program that automatically identifies whether an incoming email is
spam or not. Instead of being explicitly programmed with rules for identifying spam, the filter learns from examples of labeled emails
during a training phase.
During training, the filter is provided with a large dataset of emails, each labeled as either spam or legitimate (non-spam). The filter
analyzes the content and characteristics of these emails, such as words used, sender information, and presence of attachments. Using
machine learning algorithms, the filter learns to recognize patterns that distinguish spam from legitimate emails.
Unsupervised Learning An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset. This means that the
data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a possibility that the person who is training the
model does not have any information regarding it. The unsupervised learning models are used to identify
relationships, patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it.
▪ Unsupervised Learning is a type of learning without any guidance
▪ For e.g. A child learning to swim on his own without any supervision. Here, the child is the model trying to discover ways and
techniques to swim and the swimming pool is similar to the unknown data fed to the model.
▪ Here, the machine is responsible to discover patterns, similarities, and differences on its own based on the unlabeled dataset.
Sub-Categories of Deep Learning

Deep Learning enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In
deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it to train itself
around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves. There are two types of Deep Learning models:
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Convolution Neural Network (CNN).

Artificial Neural networks(ANN) - Artificial Neural networks are modelled on the human brain and nervous system.
They are able to automatically extract features without input from the programmer. Every neural network node is
essentially a machine learning algorithm. It is useful when solving problems for which the data set is very large.

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - Convolutional Neural Network is a Deep Learning algorithm which can take in
an input image, assign importance (learnable weights and biases) to various aspects/objects in the image and be able
to differentiate one from the other.
Artificial Neural Networks
What is Neural Network?
Neural networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave. The key advantage
of neural networks is that they are able to extract data features automatically without needing the input
of the programmer. A neural network is essentially a system of organizing machine learning algorithms to
perform certain tasks.
What is a Perceptron?
A Perceptron is the basic building block of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Just like
a cell is the basic unit of the human body, a perceptron is the smallest unit of an ANN.

Then it passes this result through a function (usually a threshold or activation function) to make a final decision.
Simple Example: Deciding if a student will pass
Let’s say a perceptron helps decide if a student will pass based on two things:
1.Hours of Study (Input 1) 2.Number of Practice Tests Attempted (Input 2)
Let's assume:
•Weight for study hours = 2
•Weight for practice tests = 3
•Threshold = 10 (If the final score is 10 or more, the student passes)
Now suppose a student:
•Studies for 2 hours
•Attempts 2 practice tests
•Score = (2 × 2) + (2 × 3) = 4 + 6 = 10
Since 10 ≥ 10 → Output = 1 (Pass)
If the score was less than 10, output would be 0 (Fail).

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