PHYSICAL

SCIENCE
 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
SCIENCE
Evolution of our understanding of matter,
motion, electricity, magnetism, light, and the
universe from ancient times to the present;
applications of physics and chemistry
concepts in contexts such as atmospheric
phenomena, cosmology, astronomy, vision,
medical instrumentation, space technology,
drugs, sources of energy, pollution and
recycling, fitness and health, and cosmetics.
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE

LESSO
N1
How the Elements
Found in the
Universe
were Formed
Learning Objectives:
1. give evidence for and explain the formation
of the light elements in the Big Bang theory.
2. give evidence for and describe the formation
of heavier elements during star formation and
evolution.
3. write the nuclear fusion reactions that take
place in stars, which lead to the formation of
new elements
REVIEW
TIME
1. Elements are made up of sub-atomic particles
called proton, neutrons and electrons.
2. The identity of an element depends on how many
neutrons it has.
3. Lithium is one of the element formed during the big
bang nucleosynthesis.
4. Nucleosynthesis combines nucleons ( protons and
neutrons) to form elements.
5. The big bang is an explosion.
6. The universe was colder 13.8 billion years ago.
FORMATION OF LIGHT
ELEMENTS
REVIEW
TIME
7. The higher the energy of a particles in an object
are, the higher the temperature of that object will be.
8. Mass can be converted into energy. (true)
Big
bang
The big bang is how astronomers explain the way the universe
began. It is the idea that the universe began as just a single
point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right
now—and it is still stretching!
Did you know that protons and neutrons formed a few
seconds after the bigbang.
At first the universe was so hot and the particles was so
energetic so when they collided, they just got destroyed.
However, the universe was expanding, as the universe
expands it cools. A few minutes after the bigbang. The
temperature of the universe reach the point where the
proton and neutron could combine when they collided.
Through this process new elements were made and we
call this bigbang nucleosynthesis.
ig bang nucleosynthesis
How does it work?
The particles n and p collide and combine to form
deuteron
Deuteron- an isotope of H that has 1 proton and 1
neutron.
All atom that has 1 proton is H. Soon another n collides
and combine to deuteron to form triton (2n + 1 p) isotope
of H. Then againa another proton collides and combine to
triton to form He. Most elemnst were formed are H and
He, however, lithium and beryllium were also formed.
Li = He4 + triton
Be= He4 + He3
ig bang nucleosynthesis
When the universe continue to expand, the temperature
drop to a point where the particle no longer have enough
energy to combine when they collide. They just bounce.
The universe was able to create a lot of H, He, Li, Be. That
is the process of big bang nucleosynthesis.

Remember: collision and combination

Now we know how the light elements were formed,
Question: How does elements Heavier than Be were
formed?
We’ve learned that we need enough heat to form new
elements, however we know that the universe can no
longer provide that heat because we learned earlier that
as universe expands it cools.
Now, could you think of a place were elements can form?
Formation of Heavy
Elements
TWINKLE TWINKLE BIG BIG STAR.
NOW I KNOW HOW HOT YOU ARE
HEAVY ELEMENTS EXIST BECAUSE OF YOU
GOLD, CALCIUM, OXYGEN AND SILVER TOO

WHAT’S YOU’RE LEARNING FORM THAT SONG.

WAVE ABLE TO LEARN THAT STARS DOES NOT
ONLY TWINKS BUT ALSO MAKE HEAVIER ELEMENT.
IT ALSO TELLS US THAT STARS ARE NOT LITTLE,
ITS BIG. THEY ARE ONLY LITTLE BECAUSE THEY
ARE FAR FAR AWAY.LASTLY, IT TELLS US THAT
STARS ARE SO HOT THAT IT CAN PROVIDE ENERGY
FOR ANOTHER TYPE OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS. THE
 STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
WHEN ELEMENTS ARE FORMED INSIDE THE STARS WE CALL THAT
STELLAR NUCLOESYNTHESIS

IT ALL STARTS WITH STELLAR NEBULA, THE BIRTH PLACE OF THE

STAR, IT IS WERE STARS ARE FORMED. IT IS A HUGE CLUMPED OF
GAS AND DUST PARTICLES, EVENTUALLY, GRAVITY WILL
COLLAPSED THE STRUCTURE AND AS IT COLLAPSES THE FOREC
OF GRAVITY INCREASES THE KENITIC ENERGY OF THE PARTICLES.
H ATOMS GAINS ENOUGH ENERGY TO COLLIDE AND COMBINE TO
FORM He atoms THROUGH THE PROCESS CALLED NUCLEAR
FUSION
NUCLEAR FUSSION HAPPENS WHEN AN ATOM GAIN ENOUGH
ENRGY TO COMBINE WHEN THEY COLLIDE. THIS PROCESS
RELEASES A HUGE AMOUNT OF ENRGY.
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHY THE SUN IS SO HOT?
WHERE DOES IT GET ITS ENERGY FROM? ITS GET ITS ENRGY FROM
 STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
THIS ENERGY BLOWS THE CONTENT OF THE STARS, BUT INSTEAD OF BEING
EJECTED, THE CONTENTS OF THE STAR IS HELDING PLACE BY GRAVITY, WHEN
THE STARS WERE AT THIS STAGE, WE SAY THAT IT IS ITS MAIN SEQUENCE
STAGE. CURRENTLY THE SUN IS AT THIS STAGE
NOW WHAT HAPPENS INSIDE THE STARS WHEN ITS IN MAIN SEQUENCE
STAGE?
IT DEPENDS ON HOW BIG IT IS.
IN OTHER WORDS, DIFFERENT STYPE OF NUCLEAR FUSSION HAPPENS INSIDE
THE STAR. DEPENDING ON HOW BIG IT IS

MEDIUM SIZE STAR/ LOW MASS STAR

PROTON-PROTON CHAIN REACTION IS DOMINANT

HIGH MASSIVE STARS

CNO CYCLE
 STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS PROTON PROTON CHAIN REACTION
H+H COLLIDE AND COMBINE AS THEY COMBINE ONE OF THE PROTONS TURNS
INTO A NEUTRON BECAUSE OF THIS A POSITRON IS NEUTRENO ARE RELEASED
PROTON PROTON CHAIN
REACTION
CNO CYCLE
TRIPLE ALPHA PROCESS
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE ENERGY NOT ONLY TO ENGAGE TO PHYSICAL
ACTIVITIES BUT ALSO TO SURVIVE WITHOUT ENERGY WE WILL NOT BE ABLE
TO DO SIMPLE THINGS LIKE EATING, TALKING OR EVEN BREATHING OUR
BODY NEEDS ENERGY TO KEEP GOING. OUT HEART NEEDS ENERGY TO PUMP
BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY. THANKS TO THE SUN WE CAN GET THE
ENERGY WE NEED TO DO THIS THINGS..
PLANTS USE SUNLIGHT TO MAKE CARBOHYDRATE WHICH BECOMES OUR
MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY. AND WHERE DOES THE SUNLIGHT COME FROM?
OFCOURSE FROM THE NREAREST STAR IN OUR PLANET THE SUN.
OUR SUN IS JUST ONE OF THE BILLIONS OF STAR IN THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
AND ONE OF THE BILLIONS TO TRILLIONS OF TSRA IN THE UNIVERSE
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
STAR COMES IN DIFFERENT SIZES AND COLORS ALL OF THEM RELEASE
ENERGY. EACH OF THEM FUSED ELEMENTS AT THE CORE TO FORM
NEW ONE.
HOW DO THE STARS BORN?
WHERE DO THE LIGHT AND ENERGY OF THE STAR CAME FROM?
DO STARS EXPLODE? WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM WHEN THEY DO?
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
HOW ARE THE STARS BORN?
A STAR IS BORN INSIDE A HUGE GAS CLOUD MADE UP MOSTLY OF
HYDROGEN , HELIUM DUST PARTICLES CALLED THE STELLAR NEBULA.
THESE GAS AND DUST PARTICLES COME TOGETHER DUE TO THE
FORCE OF GRAVITY AND THESE CLUMPS COME TOGETHER TO FORM
BIGGER CLUMPS. THE FORCE OF ENERGY INCREASES THE KENITIC
ENERGY of the dust and gas particles. This increases the temperature of
the nebula, temperature and pressure becomes so great that the
hydrogen atoms starts to fuse. These fusion of H atoms released a lot of
energy and lights giving birth to a star.
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
STARS A RE ABLE TO BRIGTHEN THE NIGHT SKY BECAUSE OF THE
ENERGY THEY RELEASED. THE STARS CORE IS WHERE MOST OF ITS
ENERGY IS PRODUCED. H ATOMS FORMS TOGETHER TO FORM HELIUM
WHICH RELEASES A LOT ENERGY IN THE PROCESS. THESE PROCESS IS
CALLED NUCLEAR FUSION.
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
THE POWER HOUSE OF THE STAR IS THE CORE. THE ENERGY RELEASED
FROM NUCLEAR FUSION PROVIDES THE OUTWARD PRESSURE THAT
COUNTERS THE INWARD GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF THE STAR.
WITHOUT OUTWARD PRESSURE, THE STAR WILL COLLAPSE.
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
OUR SUN WILL CONTINUE TO FUSE H FOR THE NEXT 5 BILLION YEARS.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THAT?
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IT RUNS H IN ITS CORE?
Ones the star runs out H it can no longer hold against gravity. Its
inner layer will start to collapse due to gravity and core shrinks. So as
the star collapses the temperature and the pressure at the core
increases. Eventually the core becomes hot enough for He atoms to
fuse and form new heavier elements. At this stage the stars expands,
bigger and forms either a red giant or red super giant
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
The faith of the star depends on its size, an average size star will
become a red giant. While a massive size star will become a red super
giant.

Red Giants - capable of fusing He atoms to produce C and O

Super Giant Stars - can fuse elements heavier than C up until Iron
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
When a red giant runs out He atom to fuse. The outer layesr are ejected and eventually
its core will be exposed. Though dead, the core will remain hot for billions of years it is
called a white dwarf.
Red super giant do not die as quietly, when it dies it collapses and then it
explodes. The explosion is so big that it releases huge amount of energy for days and
even for weeks. It can now shine the whole galaxy.
A supernova happens when a super giant can no longer release energy from
fusion. The outward pressure from its core eventually decreases until it can no longer
withstand the inner force of gravity. This causes the stars to collapse to smaller and
denser core, it produces a normal shock wave that causes the explosion, the explosion
also spread the newly formed elements throughout the outer space. They can become
building blocks for future planets and other stars. The supernova will then live through
a neutron star or a blackhole. The energy released by a supernova makes it possible for
elements heavier than iron to form.
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
Aside from supernova, elements heavier than iron can also be formed
from a collision of two neutron stars.
It is truly beautiful to behold how the stars brighten the night sky
but it is more amazing to realize that the oxygen that we breath the
calcium from our bones, the iron inside our blood were made inside the
stars.
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
PROCESS OF HOW HEAVIER ELEMENTS WERE MADE

PROTON-PROTON CHAI REACTION DOMINANT IN MEDIUM SIZE STAR

CNO CYCLE
STARTS WHEN H ATOM COLLIDES AND COMBINE WITH C12
ATOM.
C12 REPRESENTS THE MASS # OR THE TOTAL # OF N AND P
C12 HAS 6 P AND 6 N
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
RED GIANT AND SUPER GIANT
INSIDE THESE DYING STARS ELEMNTS HEAVIER THAN HELIUM
ARE BEING FUSED.

CORE INSIDE THE DYING STAR. THE DYING STAR Is FILLED WITH
He atoms that are fusing together to form new elements. 3 nuclie of He
atoms collide and combine together to form C through the process
called TRIPLE ALPHA PROCESS He + He = Be4+ He= C+ He= O
3 He nuclie is utilized which is called alpha particle
FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
ALPHA LADDER PROCESS
Collide and combine. Helium nuclie is always involved inside the
process.
C+He=O
O+He= Ne
Ne+He = Mg and so on and so forth
Triple alpha process and Alpha ladder process use He nuclie
Heavier elements can also be forms
Ex. C+C=Mg – Carbon Burning
O+O= O burning
 COMPLETE THE TABLE
FORMATION OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS
NUCLEAR FUSION PROCESSES WHAT STAGE OF STAR DOES ELEMENTS NEEDED TO ELELMENTS PRODUCE
IT OCCUR? START THE PROCESS

1. PROTON-PROTON CHAIN MAIN SEQUESNCE STAR H (2 ATOMS OF H) He4, 2H

REACTION ( AVRAGE STAR & MASSIVE
STAR)

2. CNO CYCLE Main sequence star ( massive H, C, N, O He4

& average start)
3. TRIPLE ALPHA-PROCESS Red giant and red super giant 2 atoms of He4(alpha Be8, C12
( dying star) particle)
4. ALPHA LADDER PROCESS Supernova He4 , C O, Ne, Mg, Si, Ar, Ca, Cr,
Ti
5. R-PROCESS (NEUTRON
CAPTURE PROCESS)
6. S-PROCESS ( NEUTRON
CAPTURE PROCESS)
REVIEW
1. HOW WERE THE ELEMENTS FORMED?
All elements originally formed from H which was formed during the bigbang
nucleosynthesis. A few moments after the bigbang p and n collided and combine to form
H He and some Li and Be.
Elements also forms inside the stars in the process called stellar nucleosynthesis. H
atoms fused to form He through the proton-proton chain reaction and CNO cycle. Proton-
proton chain reaction is dominant in medium size stars like the sun. CNO cycle is dominant
in High Mass stars. Elements heavier than He were formed with further collision and
combination. 3 alpha partcicles or 3 He nuclie collide and combine to form C the process is
called Triple Alpha Process. He nuclie can further fuse with O Ne Mg and Si etc. In the
process called Alpha Ladder Process. Atoms Heavier than Iron is formed through the
process of neutron capture. Where seed nucleos is bombarded with neutrons which make
the elements stable and fraction of the neutrons will then form into neutron to make a
more stable elements. There 2 types of neutron capture R and S process.
Rapid process occurs during supernovae and neutron star mergers. The slow neutron
capture process occurs in dying stars.
Nuclear fusion is the process in which
atomic nuclei physically combine to form
one or more different atomic nucleus and
additional sub-atomic particles such as
neutrons.

24 synthetic elements
90 elements are natural 92(uranium)
Electrostatic Repulsion because of
their greater charge

collide – need higher temperature so

the nuclie have sufficient energy to
collide and undergo nuclear fusion

24 synthetic elements
90 elements are natural 92(uranium)
For most space objects, we use light-years to describe their distance. A
light-year is the distance light travels in one Earth year. One light-year is
about 6 trillion miles (9 trillion km). That is a 6 with 12 zeros behind it!
For most space objects, we use light-years to describe their distance. A
light-year is the distance light travels in one Earth year. One light-year is
about 6 trillion miles (9 trillion km). That is a 6 with 12 zeros behind it!
END TIMES
END TIMES
2 Peter 3:10-13
10 But the day of the Lord will
come like a thief. The heavens
will disappear with a roar; the
elements will be destroyed by
fire, and the earth and
END TIMES
4 CAUSES OF FIRE
DESTRUCTION
1. WILDFIRES
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
3. ASTERIODS/METEOROIDS
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
 FILL IN THE GAPS

1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
2 Peter 3:10-13
10 But the day of the Lord will come like a thief. The
heavens will disappear with a roar; the elements will
be destroyed by fire, and the earth and everything
done in it will be laid bare.
11 Since everything will be destroyed in this way,
what kind of people ought you to be? You ought to live
holy and godly lives
12 as you look forward to the day of God and speed
its coming. That day will bring about the destruction
of the heavens by fire, and the elements will melt in
the heat.