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Connectors

The document provides an overview of different types of connectors in English grammar, including coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions. It explains their usage in connecting clauses, sentences, and ideas, along with examples for clarity. Additionally, it covers transitions that help in linking larger sections of text.

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3 views27 pages

Connectors

The document provides an overview of different types of connectors in English grammar, including coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions. It explains their usage in connecting clauses, sentences, and ideas, along with examples for clarity. Additionally, it covers transitions that help in linking larger sections of text.

Uploaded by

aysegulsolarsekerci
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONNECTORS

Connectors

Coordinatin Subordinati
Correlative
g ng
Conjuction Transitions
Conjunctio Conjuction
s
ns s
CONNECTORS

Coordinating Conjections
So, but, yet, or, for and nor
Connecting two independent clauses
Coma should be put before

The children were playing, and the parents were chatting.


Sally didn’t feel well, so she didn’t go to work.
Sally didin’t go to work,for she didn’t feel well.
Sally didn’t feel well, yet/but she still went to work.
Sally will stay in the dormitory, or her parents will rent a house for her.
CONNECTORS

!!!Nor
First sentence should be negative or has a verb with a
negative meaning (refuse,deny) and the second sentence
should be inverted.

He doesn’t like meat, nor does he like fish.


She herself didn’t watch the film, nor did she let us watch it.
CONNECTORS

!!!! and, but, or, yet

Also used to connect nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs and gerund/infinitives

A toy or a game makes a good present for children.


He drove the car carefully and slowly
He drove the car fast but/yet carefully.
He is sleepy or bored.
I like walking but not running.
She opened her purse, took out some change and paid for the tickets.
CONNECTORS

Correlative Conjunctions
Both…and
Neither…nor
Either….or
Not only….but also
• Used to connect nouns, verbs, adj, adv or gerund/infinitives
• “Both…and” should be followed with a plural verb
• Others can be followed with plural or singular verb in relation to the noun
closer to the main verb.
• “Neither…nor” is negativein meaning, so structure should be positive.
CONNECTORS

Both driver and the passengers were badly injured.


I both visited an art exhibition and went to the cinema.
Not only my collegues but also my manager approved my
plan.
She phoned neither that day nor the next day.
Either my sister or my friend must have taken my book.
She has either fallen asleep or gone somewhere.
CONNECTORS

!!!!!!
“Not only…but also” can be used to connect two sentences. After
“not only”, inversion is needed and “also” can be used after the
subject of the second sentence

Not only did he shout at the child, but he also hit him

Not only does pollution do harm to people today, but it also


endangers the survival of human beings in the future.
CONNECTORS

Subordinating Conjuctions

Connecting ideas within a sentence


Used in adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses can be the first or the second clause in a sentence.
If an adverbial clause is the first sentence, then comma should be use after it.

Tom helped the students because they didn't understand the exercise.
She went out for a walk although it was raining.
After she had made a phone call, she left the house.
If she were a bit more resonable, she wouldn’t be in this mess
CONNECTORS

Adverbial Clauses of Time


After Before When
While/as By the time Until/till
Since As long as/ so long as Now that
Whenever/everytime
The first time/the second time/the next time/the last time
As soon as/once/the moment/immediately
No sooner ........than/ hardly/scarcely/barely....…when
CONNECTORS

• In adverbial clauses of time, tense of the dependent and independent clause should
be compatible.

• In the adverbial clause, future tenses cannot be used even if the meaning is future.
Present Simple should be used.

• “Now that” should always be with Present Simple or Present Perfect.

• “No sooner ........than” and “Hardly/scarcely/barely....…when” should be inverted.


Hardly had she gone to bed when the phone rang.
CONNECTORS

Adverbial Clauses of Cause-Effect


Because/as/since
Seeing that/ as long as/ so long as
Inasmuch as
Because of
On account of
Thanks to
Owing to
Due to
As a consequence of/ as a result of
So… that/ such…that (so adj-adv as to infinitive)
CONNECTORS

Because of
On account of
Thanks to + NOUN
Owing to + THE FACT THAT + SENTENCE
Due to
As a consequence of/ as a result of

In informal English, “so adj-adv as to infinitive” is commonly used instead of “so… that/ such…that”

The garbage truck moved so slowly as to cause a traffic jam several kilometers long.
The garbage truck moved so slowly that it caused a traffic jam several kilometers long.
CONNECTORS

Adverbial Clauses of Purpose


So that /In order that
Lest
For fear that
For the purpose that
So as to / so as not to
In order to / in order not to
To infinitive
CONNECTORS

• “So that” and “in order that” need time relation and “will, can, could, would,
might” should follow them.

She is learning computer so that she can a better job.


I got up early in order that I wouldn’t be late for my interview.

• “Lest” is similar to “for fear that” or “in case”. It is mostly used with “should” or
subjunctive.

We all spoke in quite voices lest we wake the baby.


for fear that we might wake the baby.
CONNECTORS

Adverbial Clauses of Concession and Contrast


Although / though/ even though
While / whereas
Much as
As
However + adj/adv
No matter + question word
Despite
In spite of
CONNECTORS

“Though” can be used after the second clause

I didn’t like the film though I like its background music.


I didn’t like the film, I like its background music, though.

Despite +Noun
In spite of +THE FACT THAT + SENTENCE
CONNECTORS

“Much as” =although


Much as I like sports, I dislike football.

“As/though” should be used after an adj or adv


Hard as I try, my cooking is not so good as yours.

However late it is, you can call me for help.


No matter where you go, keep some money in reserve.
CONNECTORS

Adverbial Clauses of Direct Opposition


Whereas
While
Contrary to
In contrast to/with

Some countries are rich whereas/while other are poor.


In contrast to his sister, Jon is a very tidy boy.
CONNECTORS

Adverbial Clauses of Condition


If
Only if
Unless
Provided that
Providing that
Supposed that
Supposing that
Even if
In case
CONNECTORS

Reduction of Adverbial Clauses


Subject of the two clauses should be the same.
Active verbs are reduced with gerund.
Passive verbs are reduced with “being” and the past participle form
of the verb.
While I was reading a book, I felt asleep.
Reading a book, I felt asleep.
Before she was elected as a prime minister, she worked as a teacher.
Before being elected, she worked as a teacher.
CONNECTORS

Forms of Reduction

• After,before, while, on, upon, until (common in passive),


since……..doing, having done, being done
• Because, as, since……doing, having done, being done, being+adj
(only adj)
• If, unless, as if…….doing, done
• Although, though….doing, done
CONNECTORS

• In reduction, “before” cannot be omitted.

• Instead of “when”, “on,upon” can be used in reduced clause.

• In adverbial clauses of cause-effect, reduction can be done if the subjects of


the two clause is different.
As the weather was cold, we cancelled the picnic.
The weather being cold, we cancelled the picnic.

• Although, though, if, as if and unless can be used in reduction.


CONNECTORS

Transitions
Connecting ideas between sentences and larger sections of a text

1. Addition
Additionally
Besides
Likewise
Moreover
Furthermore
In addition
Plus
CONNECTORS

2. Condition

Otherwise

3. Contrast

However
In contrast
Instead
Neverthless
Nonetheless
Still
CONNECTORS

4. Effect-Result
Consequently
Accordingly
As a result
Therefore
Thus
Hence
On account of this
Because of this
CONNECTORS

5. Relationships of Action
Afterwards
In the meantime
Meanwhile
Next
Then
6. Connecting Bloks of Text

Listing ideas: first,second,next,finally, then


Giving examples: for example, for instance, to illustrate
Summarize: All in all, in summary, to summarize, to conclude, to sum up, as a conclusion, in brief, in
conclusion

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