Blood groups I
Dr.Sadaf Fatima
Blood groups
• The surface membrane of human erythrocytes
contain inherited antigens that vary
depending on the blood type.
• Antibodies against erythrocyte antigen not
present on body’s own erythrocytes begin to
appear in human plasma at about 6 months of
age.
Antigens & Antibodies
• Membranes of RBC’s contain unique I.D. Tags
(Antigens)
– Antigens are membrane proteins
– Unique antigens bind with Unique antibodies
• Antibody: Protein produced to bind with
foreign cells to stimulate immune response of
lymphocytes.
Agglutination
• Agglutination = Binding of antigens with
antibodies.
– Causes a clumping of factors.
– Looks like a thickening of blood.
• When blood-cell antigens bind with their
matching antibodies….. AGGLUTINATION!
Two types of blood group system
• The presence or absence of agglutinogens and
agglutinins allow the blood to be classified
into types or groups.
• ABO group
• D (Rh)
ABO Blood Groups
Plasma Plasma Plasma
Plasma
Blood typing
• Purpose:
– Check blood for organ/blood donations
– Test both recipient + donor
• Procedure:
– Mix blood with “Immune Serums”
– “Immune Serum” = Liquid w/Antibodies
– No Agglutination = Does NOT have those antigens
– Agglutination = Those antigens present
Genetic determination of
agglutinogens
• Two genes one on each of two paired
chromosomes, determine the O-A-B blood
type.
Genotypes
• These combinations of genes are known as
the genotypes, and each person is one of the
six genotypes.
Six possible combinations of genes
• OO
• OA
• OB
• AA
• BB
• AB
Phenotype and possible genotype
• Phenotype Genotype
• Group A AA, AO
• Group B BB, BO
• Group AB AB
• Group O OO
Blood groups
A and B antigens inheritance
• Are inherited as mendelian dominants and
first appear in six week of fetal life.
• Individuals are divided into four major blood
types.
Example of inheritance of A and B
agglutinogens
• Father mother
• AO BO
• Offspring
• AB AO OB OO
• Blood group could be:
• AB
• A
• B
• O
Landsteiner’s law
• States that if an agglutinogen is present in the
red cells of the blood, the corresponding
agglutinin must be absent from plasma, if the
agglutinogen is absent, the agglutinin must be
present in the plasma.
Blood groups
• Type AB: • Type A:
(Universal Recipient) – RBC’s have A antigens only.
– RBC’s have both A and B – Can receive from A and O
antigens. types.
– Cen receive from A, B, AB, – Can donate to A and AB
and O types. types.
– Can donate to AB type only.
• Type B:
• Type O: (Universal Donor) – RBC’s have B antigens only.
– RBC’s have NO antigens. – Can receive from B and O
– Can receive from O type only. types.
– Can donate to A, B, AB and O – Can donate to B and AB
types. types.
Rh system (Rh factor)
-This is system of agglutinogens normally
present in the red cells of Rhesus monkey
(hence the name Rh)
-There are 6 varieties known as(dominant C , D
and E) (antigens and recessive c , d and e )
antigens.
-Antigen D has the strongest antigenic effect
RhD Antigens
• Makes the Blood Type “Positive” or
“Negative”
• Agglutination with RhD Serum = Positive
• No Agglutination with RhD Serum = Negative
Anti Rh agglutinins
• Are not present in Rh negative.
• They are produced by either the transfusion of
Rh positive blood to Rh negative blood or in
hemolytic disease of newborn.
Summary
Blood Group Antigens on cell Antibodies in Transfuse with
plasma group
A A Anti-B A or O
B B Anti-A B or O
AB A and B none AB, A, B or O
O None Anti-A & B O
