PROJECT

PRESENTATION
P ROJECT TITLE:
D E S IG N O F I - G I R D E R S T EEL
BRIDGE
Supervised By: Prof. Farhan Ahmad Kidwai
GROUP MEMBERS
SHOAIB AHMAD
ROLL NO. 20BCE006

JANEE BABOO
ROLL NO. 20BCE033

EMRAN
ROLL NO. 20BCE002

MD. SHAMIM AKHTAR

ROLL NO. 20BCE009

SAHIL RAZA
ROLL NO. 20BCE010
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DESIGNING THE BRIDGE
• Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body
of water, valley, or road.

• For the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle without

closing the gap below.

• Bridge design takes into consideration factors like load-bearing

capacity, materials, environmental conditions, traffic volume,
aesthetics, and cost-effectiveness to ensure the bridge serves its
intended purpose efficiently and safely.
 IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGES
• Connects Difficult Terrains

• Easy Trade and Transportation of Goods

• Reduces Travelling Time

• Military use

• Political and Economic importance

• Less Emission due to displacement

 COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE
• Substructure
• Superstructure
 PARTS OF BRIDGES
1. Substructure

• Abutment • Piers • Wing

s Walls
 PARTS OF BRIDGES
2. Superstructure
• Beams and girders • Bearin • Arch and
g Cables

• Parapet Wall and Handrail • Flooring

 COMPARISION BETWEEN STEEL AND RCC BRIDGE
Steel Bridge: RCC Bridge:
• Steel is strong, durable, and has a high • Reinforced concrete is strong in compression
• Material Properties: tensile strength, making it suitable for long- but relatively weak in tension.
span bridges.
• It has a relatively low weight-to-strength • It tends to be heavier than steel, which can
ratio, which can reduce the overall weight of limit its use in longer span bridges.
the structure.

• Steel bridges can be fabricated off-site and • RCC bridges often require more on-site
• Construction Speed then assembled on-site, which can construction time, including formwork and
significantly reduce construction time. curing, which can extend the project
timeline.
• Steel bridges can be cost-effective for shorter • RCC bridges tend to be cost-effective for
• Cost
spans, but they may become expensive for shorter spans but can be more economical
longer spans due to the quantity of steel for longer spans.
required.

• Steel bridges require regular maintenance, • RCC bridges typically require less
• Maintenance
including painting to prevent corrosion. maintenance than steel bridges, but they
• Maintenance can be costly and time- may need occasional repairs for cracks or
consuming. spalling.
 COMPARISION BETWEEN STEEL AND RCC BRIDGE CONT.
Steel Bridge: RCC Bridge:
• Steel bridges are susceptible to corrosion, • RCC bridges have good resistance to
• Durability which can affect their long-term durability. corrosion, which contributes to their
• Proper maintenance and corrosion protection durability.
are crucial for their longevity. • However, they can be prone to cracking,
especially in areas with freeze-thaw cycles.
• Steel bridges often have a sleek and modern • RCC bridges may have a more traditional and
• Aesthetics
appearance, making them a popular choice utilitarian look, but they can be designed
for architectural purposes. with aesthetic features.

• Environmental • The production of steel involves significant • The production of cement, a key
Impact energy consumption and greenhouse gas component of RCC, is associated with
emissions. carbon emissions. However, advancements
in sustainable concrete mixtures are
reducing the environmental impact.

• Span Length • Steel is well-suited for long-span bridges, • RCC is commonly used for shorter and
including cable-stayed and suspension medium-span bridges.
bridges.
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BRIDGES
•The type of traffic carried.
•The type of main structural system.
•The position of the carriage way relative to the main structural system.

Classification based on type of traffic

carried
• Highway or road bridges • Railway or rail bridges • Road - cum - rail bridges
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BRIDGES CONT.
Classification based on the main structural
system • Trusses steel bridges
• Girder bridges

• Typical rigid frame bridge

 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BRIDGES CONT.
Classification based on the main structural system
• Typical arch bridges cont. • Cable stayed bridges

• Suspension bridges
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL BRIDGES CONT.
The position of the carriage way relative to the main structural system.
• Deck Bridge • Through bridge • Semi-Through bridge
 ABOUT THE
•
PROJECT?
STRAIGHT COMPOSITE STEEL I-GIRDER BRIDGE

• THE BRIDGE IS LOCATED AT JFK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, NEW YORK, UNITED

STATES.

• WE HAVE TO DESIGN THE STEEL I-GIRDERS OF THAT BRIDGE.

• FOR DESIGNING WE HAVE USED AASHTO LRFD DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (9TH

EDITION) 2021.
 WHY I-GIRDERS ?
Strength and Durability
High strength-to-weight ratio,
which makes them capable of
Design Flexibility
supporting heavy loads while Customized to meet the specifi c
remaining relatively lightweight. requirements of a bridge project.
Engineers can adjust the size, shape,
Span Capability and confi guration of I-girders to
accommodate various design
I-girders are well-suited for spanning
specifi cations and load conditions.
long distances. Their design allows for
effi cient distribution of loads across
the span, reducing the need for Construction Speed
additional supports and simplifying
Expedite the construction process since
construction.
they are typically fabricated off-site
and transported to the construction site
Cost-Effectiveness
for assembly.
The standardized shape and production
methods help keep manufacturing
costs in check.
BRIDGE
DESIGN
STEPS
DESIGN PARAMETERS.
 DESIGN PARAMETERS.
• The bridge cross-section of 84.04' till Pier and 10.027' from pier till garage.

• The bridge has a width of 34.67' at Garage’s end and a width of 49.81' at abutment
end.

• Bridge has five I-girders spaced at 7' and 2.5' deck overhangs.

• The roadway width is 31.67' and is centered over the girders.

• The reinforced concrete deck is 9.5" thick, including a 1.5" integral wearing
surface.

• The deck haunch thickness is 2.0".

 MATERIAL INFORMATION
• The structural steel is ASTM A709, Grade 50W
• The concrete is normal weight with a 28-day compressive strength, f′c, of 4.0
ksi
• The concrete slab is reinforced with nominal Grade 60 reinforcing steel

SERVICE LIFE
All structural elements shall have a minimum service life of 75 years, except
as specified below:

• Expansion Joints – 25 years

• Bearings – 30 years
• Overhead Sign Structures and Canopies – 50 years
• Structural Supports for Luminaires, Signals, and Utilities – 50 years
• Buried Concrete Structure (other than bridge foundations) – 50 years
GIRDER GEOMETRY SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
• Web Depth • SECTION PROPERTIES

• Web Thickness • EXTERIOR & INTERIOR GIRDERS CHECKS

• Flange Geomatics • CROSS FRAME DESIGN

• STIFFENERS DESIGN
LOAD CALCULATIONS
• Dead Loads • FLANGE TO WEB WELD DESIGN
a. Component dead load
b. Wearing Surface dead load

• Wind Load

• Vehicular live load

• Live Load Distribution Factors

BRIDGE
DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
PRELIMINARY PROPORTION
• For the given bridge there are 5- girders are used. The width of bridge is
34.8".
• Girders are used with spacing is 7'0" (GSP @7-0"=28'0").
• RCC deck slab = 9.5" thick (Including 1.5" integral wearing surface)
• Grade of steel is ASTM A709 (Grade 50).
• Grade of concrete fc' = 4ksi (concrete slab reinforcing with steel grade
60)
DESIGN CODES / SPECIFICATION
AASHTO LRFD Bridge design specification, 9th Edition, 2021
 DESIGN OF WEB

• Girder of span 92.5' is used.

• Minimum depth of steel I-beam (D) = 0.027L (where, L= span of girder) (Article
6.10.1.1.1)
= 0.027 × 92.5
= 0.027×92.5×12 inch
= 29.97" (But depth of web is between 36 and 46 inch)
• take D=42
• The required web proportion given in article 6.10.2.1.1,
• D/tw ≤150
• AASHTO recommends minimum web thickness 0.5"
• take, tw= 0.75"
• D/tw= 56<150 (Hence okay)
 DESIGN OF FLANGE
• Minimum flange width=14"
• Minimum flange thickness (tf)min = 0.75"
• For top flange, width = 20", tf= 1.25"
• For bottom flange width = 20", tf =1.25"
• In top flange compression occurs & it is the positive bending
moment zone. In bottom flange tension occurs and there is negative
Bending moment.
• bf/tf ≤12 (Article 6.10.2.2)
• 20/ (2 x 1.25) = 8 <12
And,
• tf ≥ 1.1tw (Article 6.10.2.2)
• 1.25 ≥ 1.1x.75
• 1.25 ≥ 0.83 (Hence okay)
 LOAD CALCULATION
Girder weight/Ft^2 = 23 lbs/ft^2 (From NSBA CURVE)
 LOAD CALCULATION CONT.

Dead load calculation

• Various dead load like non-structural component (DC), wearing surface (Dw), Non-
structural dead load (Dc)
• Unit weight for Steel = 490k/ft³
• Unit weight for the concrete = 0.15k/ft³
• For cross frame stiffness and other miscellaneous steel
• Dead Load = 0.015 k/ft

• For Slab;
DC1 = 9.5/12 x 34.67 x 0.15/15 = 0.824 k/ft

• For Haunch;
DC1 = 0.015k/ft
 LOAD CALCULATION CONT.
• For Girder;
DC1 = 0.180 k/ft
• For Cross frame and miscellaneous;
DC1 = 0.015 k/ft
• For Overhang taper;
DC1 = 2 x 1/2 x (2.5 - 7/2) x ( 0.15/2 )
DC1 = 0.01 k/ft
• Stay in place ferms = DC1 = 0.015 x (28 - 20/12)/5
DC1= 0.064k/ft
Total DC = 0.824 k/ft + 0.015k/ft + 0.180 k/ft +0.015 k/ft+0.01 k/ft +0.064k/ft
= 1.108 k/ft
• And non-structural dead load due to barriers/side walks etc.
• DC2 = (0.520 x 2)/ 5 = 0.208k/ft
Where 0.052 lb/ft is barrier weight (Article 4.6.2.2.1)
 LOAD CALCULATION CONT.
WIND LOAD CALCULATION
Average height of top of super-strauture is 30’.
Provided parameters
• Ground surface roughness; C
• Wind Exposure category; C
From table (3.8.1.1.2.1)
• V = 120 mph (For Strength III)

Fron table 3.4.1.1

• V = 80 mph (For Strength V)

Where V= Design wind speed.

 LOAD CALCULATION CONT.
WIND LOAD CALCULATION CONT.
• Now, design horizontal wind pressure (Pz)
• Pz = 2.56 x 10^-6 x V^2 x Kz x G x CD
Where;
• Kz = Pressure Exposure elevation coefficient.
• G = Gut effect factor.
• CD = Drag Coefficient.

• Kz =0.71 (For Strength III) Kz = 1 (For Strength V) G = 1 (For Strength III &
V)
• CD = 1.3 (For Strength III & V)
Now,
• Pz = 2.56 10^-6 x (120^2) x (0.71) x (1.0) x (1.3) = 0.034 ksf (For Strength
III)
• Pz = 2.56 x 10-6 x (802) x (1) x (1.3) x (1.0) = 0.021 ksf (For Strength
 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
LIVE-LOAD LATERAL DISTRIBUTION FACTORS
• The stiffness parameters(kg)
Kg = ɳ(I-Aeg2)
Where,
• ɳ = Modular ratio (8),
• I = Moment of intertia of steel girder
• A = Area of steel girder
• eg = Distance between the centroid of the girder and centroid of the slab.
• eg = 9.5"/2+2”+22.25’’–1.25” = 27.75’’
• ɳ=8
• kg = ɳ(I-Aeg2) = 8 ( 23,746.1- (81.5 x 27.752)
= 692049.63 inch^4
VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
_
d = I yi - y I
_
y = E yiAi
E Ai

d_ = vertical dist. from centroid of segment

y = Centre of mass of the I - section
yi = Centre of mass of the Individual section
A = Area of Individual section
 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
INTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT
STATES
• Bending Moment (Article 4.6.2.2.2)
 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
INTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT
STATES
• Shear ( Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1 )
 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
EXTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT STATES CONT.
• Bending Moment

Figure - Sketch of the Truck Location for the Lever Rule

 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
EXTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT STATES
• Bending Moment (Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1)

• Modified Interior Girder Distribution Factor :

For the case of two or more lanes loaded, the modification factor, e to be applied to the
distribution from Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1

DF = 0.685(0.88) = 0.729 lanes

 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
EXTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT STATES CONT.
• Special Analysis:
The special analysis assumes the entire bridge cross-section behaves as a
rigid cross-section rotating about the transverse centerline of the structure .
 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
EXTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT STATES CONT.
• Special Analysis cont.:

Figure - Sketch of the Truck Locations for the Special Analysis

 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
EXTERIOR GIRDER STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIMIT STATES CONT.
• Special Analysis cont.:

The distribution factors computed above using the special analysis are also
applicable to the distribution of shear.
 VEHICULAR LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CONT.
FATIGUE LIMIT STATE
• As stated in Article 3.6.1.1.2, the fatigue distribution factor is based on one-
lane loaded.
• It does not include the multiple presence factor (i.e 1.2)

Bending Moment
• Exterior Girder, DF = 0.729/1.20 = 0.700 lanes
• Interior Girder, DF = 0.398/1.20 = 0.425 lanes

Shear
• Exterior Girder, DF = 0.729/1.20 = 0.6075 lanes
• Interior Girder, DF = 0.3892/1.20 = 0.3243 lanes
 SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION 1: POSITIVE BENDING REGION
Effective Flange Width
• Article 4.6.2.6 of the specifications governs the determination of the effective flange width of the
concrete slab.

• The effective flange width, Beff , for interior beams is determined as one-half the distance to the
adjacent girder on each side of the component as follows:

Beff = = 84 inch.

• For an exterior girder, beff is determined as one-half the distance to the adjacent girder plus the full
overhang width as follows:

Beff = +42= 84 inch.

Elastic Section Properties
• Short Term Composite Section Properties

Component A d Ad Ad2 Io I

Steel Section 81.5 1.54 -125.75 193.28 23552.8 23746.19

Concrete Slab (9.5ʺ x 102ʺ/8) 121.875 24.25 2937.78 71229.07 910 72139.07

Σ 202.625 2811.53 95885.18

-13.875 x 2811.53 = -39009.97

dn= = 13.875”
INA= 54875

d Top of steel = 22.25 - 13.87 = 8.38” S Top of steel = = 6248..347

d Bot of steel = 22.25 ± 13.87 = 36.12” S Bot of steel = = 1519.245

Elastic Section Properties
• long Term Composite Section Properties

Component A d Ad Ad2 Io I

Steel Section 81.5 1.54 -125.75 193.28 23552.8 23746.19

Concrete Slab (9.5ʺ x 102ʺ/24) 40.375 24.25 979.09 2343.02 303.65 24046.67

Σ 121.875 853.34 47792.78

-7.001 x 853.34 = -5974.24

dn= = 7.001”
INA=41818.58

d Top of steel = 22.25 – 7.001 = 15.249” S Top of steel = = 2742.37

d Bot of steel = 22.25 ± 7.001 = 29.251” S Bot of steel = = 1429.6461

PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 1

• The plastic moment, Mp, is the resisting moment of an assumed fully yielded cross-section and
can be determined for sections in positive bending using the procedure outlined in Table D6.1-1
as demonstrated below.
• The forces acting in the slab (Ps) = 0.85 x F’c x bs x ts
= 0.85 x 4.0 x 102 x 9.5
= 3794.6 kips
• Compression flange (Pc) = Fyc x bc x tc
= 50 x 20 x 1.25
= 1256 kips
• Web (Pw) = Fyw x D x tw
= 0.50 x 42 x 0.75
= 1575 kips
• Tension flange (Pt) = Fyt x bt x tt
= 1250 kips
PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 1 Cont.

• The plastic forces for each element of the girder are then compared to determine the location of
the plastic neutral axis (PNA).
• Table D.6.1-1 provides seven conditions to determine the location of the PNA and subsequently
calculate the plastic moment.
• Conditions set forth in Table D6.1-1, the PNA is generally located as follows:

 Case 1: Pc + Pw ≥ Pc + Ps
1250 + 1575 ≥ 1256 + 3794.6
2825 kips < 4550.6 kips Therefore, PNA is not in the web

 Case 2: Pt + Pw + Pc ≥ Ps
1250 + 1275 + 1250 ≥ 3794.6
3775 < 3794.6 Therefore, PNA is not in the top flange
 PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 1 Cont.

• Plastic neutral axis is in the concrete deck and Ý is computed using the following equation
derived from that provided in Table D6.1-1.
• Ý = (ts) x { }
• Ý = (19.5) x { }
• Ý = 10.201 inches from the top of the concrete slab.
• The plastic moment Mp is then calculated using the following equation derived from that
provided in Table D6.1-1.
• Mp = () + (Pc dc + Pwdw + Ptdt)
PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 1 Cont.

• The distance from the PNA to the centroid of the compression flange, web, and tension flange
(respectively) is as follows:
• dc = 9.5 + 2.0 – 0.5(1.25) – 10.201 = 0.674 in.
dw = 9.5 + 2.0 + 0.5(42.0) – 10.201 = 22.299 in.
dt = 9.5 + 2.0 + 42.0 + 0.5(1.25) – 10.201 = 43.924 in.
• Substitution of these distances and the above computed plastic forces, into the preceding
equation, gives the following:
Mp = () + (1250 x 0.674 + 1275 x 22.299 + 1250 x 43.924)
Mp = 104961.23 kip-inch.
SECTION 2: NEGATIVE BENDING
REGION
Effective Flange Width
• Article 4.6.2.6 of the specifications governs the determination of the effective flange width of the
concrete slab.

• The effective flange width, Beff , for interior beams is determined as one-half the distance to the
adjacent girder on each side of the component as follows:

Beff = = 84 inch.

• For an exterior girder, beff is determined as one-half the distance to the adjacent girder plus the full
overhang width as follows:

Beff = = 72 inch.
SECTION 2: NEGATIVE BENDING REGION CONT.
Minimum Negative Flexure Concrete Deck Reinforcement (Article 6.10.1.7)

• The total area of the concrete deck in this example is computed as follows:
• A= x 2 x x x (1-0.75) x (2.5-)
= 26.70ft2 =3845inch2
• The minimum area of reinforcing steel required is taken as: 0.01(3845) = 38.45 inch2
• For an exterior girder, beff is determined as one-half the distance to the adjacent girder plus the full
overhang width as follows:
• The area of reinforcement required within the effective width (72 inches) of an exterior girder is
= 0.961 inch2/ft.
0.97(72/12) = 5.767 inch2
SECTION 2: NEGATIVE BENDING REGION CONT.
Minimum Negative Flexure Concrete Deck Reinforcement (Article 6.10.1.7) Cont.

• 5.767 inch2 of longitudinal reinforcement must be provided at a minimum. This reinforcement

should be placed in two layers with two-thirds of the reinforcement in the top layer and the
remaining one-third placed in the bottom layer.
• Minimum area of the top reinforcement is 3.84 in2
• Minimum area of the bottom reinforcement is 1.16 in2
• We Provide 8 bars of area (A=0.44 inch2) spaced @ 6” at top.
• We Provide 5 bars of area (A=0.31 inch2) spaced @ 8” at bottom.
• longitudinal reinforcement area is calculated as follows:
• Top Layer: 0.44/6 = 0.073 in2
• Bottom Layer : 0.31/8 x 72 = 2.81 in2
Elastic Section Properties
• Short Term Composite Section Properties

Component A d Ad Ad2 Io I

Steel Section 81.5 1.54 -125.75 193.28 23552.8 23746.19

Concrete Slab (9.5ʺ x 102ʺ/8) 121.875 24.25 2937.78 71229.07 910 72139.07

Σ 202.625 2811.53 95885.18

-13.875 x 2811.53 = -39009.97

dn= = 13.875”
INA= 54875

d Top of steel = 22.25 - 13.87 = 8.38” S Top of steel = = 6248..347

d Bot of steel = 22.25 ± 13.87 = 36.12” S Bot of steel = = 1519.245

Elastic Section Properties
• long Term Composite Section Properties

Component A d Ad Ad2 Io I

Steel Section 81.5 1.54 -125.75 193.28 23552.8 23746.19

Concrete Slab (9.5ʺ x 102ʺ/24) 40.375 24.25 979.09 2343.02 303.65 24046.67

Σ 121.875 853.34 47792.78

-7.001 x 853.34 = -5974.24

dn= = 7.001”
INA=41818.58

d Top of steel = 22.25 – 7.001 = 15.249” S Top of steel = = 2742.37

d Bot of steel = 22.25 ± 7.001 = 29.251” S Bot of steel = = 1429.6461

PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 2

• The plastic moment, Mp, is the resisting moment of an assumed fully yielded cross-section and
can be determined for sections in positive bending using the procedure outlined in Table D6.1-1
as demonstrated below.
• Compression flange (Pc) = Fyc x bc x tc
= 50 x 20 x 1.25
= 1256 kips
• Web (Pw) = Fyw x D x tw
= 50 x 42 x 0.75
= 1575 kips
• Tension flange (Pt) = Fyt x bt x tt
= 1250 kips
• (Prb) = Fyrb x Arb
= 60 x 3.98 =239kips
• (Prt) = Fyrt x Art
= 60 x 7.45 =447kips
PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 2 Cont.

• The plastic forces for each element of the girder are then compared to determine the location of
the plastic neutral axis (PNA).
• Table D.6.1-1 provides seven conditions to determine the location of the PNA and subsequently
calculate the plastic moment.
• Conditions set forth in Table D6.1-1, the PNA is generally located as follows:

 Case 1: Case 1: Pc + Pw ≥ Pt + Prb + Prt

1250 + 1575 ≥ 1250 + 239 + 447
2825 kips ≥ 1936 kips Therefore, PNA is in the web
 PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 2 Cont.

• The location of plastic neutral axis is determine by the following equation :

• Ý = () x { +1}
• Ý = 11.85 inches.
• The plastic moment Mp is then calculated using the following equation derived from that
provided in Table D6.1-1.
• Mp = () () + (Prt drt + Prb drb + Ptdt + Pc dc)
PLASTIC MOMENT SECTION 2 Cont.

Where,
drt = 20.36 in.
drb = 15.639 in.
dt = 12.97 in.
dc = 30.775
• Substitution of these distances and the above computed plastic forces, into the preceding
equation, gives the following:
Mp= 86569.84 kip-inch.
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR GIRDERS CHECK
THANK YOU
FOR ATTENTION