Scribd
Upload
8 views40 pages

Final Micribiota Presentation-converted

The document discusses the distribution and types of normal flora in humans, categorizing them into resident and transient flora, with details on their roles and significance. It highlights the advantages of normal flora, such as providing defense against pathogens and assisting in digestion, as well as potential disadvantages when the resident flora is disturbed. Additionally, it outlines the presence of various microbial species in different body sites and the impact of factors like age and health on microbial composition.

Uploaded by

Ashish Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views40 pages

Final Micribiota Presentation-converted

The document discusses the distribution and types of normal flora in humans, categorizing them into resident and transient flora, with details on their roles and significance. It highlights the advantages of normal flora, such as providing defense against pathogens and assisting in digestion, as well as potential disadvantages when the resident flora is disturbed. Additionally, it outlines the presence of various microbial species in different body sites and the impact of factors like age and health on microbial composition.

Uploaded by

Ashish Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Dr Soofia Firdaus

JRA(2018-21)
Dept. of Microbiology
DISTRIBUTION OF NORMAL FLORA
Normal microflora and its groups
• The term “normal microbial flora” denotes the population of
microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of
healthy normal persons.

• The skin and mucous membranes always harbor a variety of


microorganisms that can be arranged into two groups:

1. Resident flora 2.Transient flora

Resident flora:

The resident flora consists of


relatively fixed types of microorganisms regularly found
in a given area at a given age;

If disturbed, it promptly re-establishes itself.


Examples of Resident biota
Transient flora:

• The transient flora consists of non-pathogenic or potentially


pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the skin or mucous
membranes for hours, days, or weeks.

• It is derived from the environment, does not produce disease, and


does not establish itself permanently on the surface.

• Generally of little significance so long as the normal resident flora


remains intact.

• However, if the resident flora is disturbed, transient microorganisms


may colonize, proliferate, and produce disease.
• Normal flora are microorganisms that are frequently found in a
particular site in normal healthy individual, they are mostly
bacteria and it doesn't cause any illness.

• Normal flora is divided into different types:

Commensals Natural relationship with host


Residents Present for a long time
Transients Present for a short time
Carrier state This type is different from the other
– potential pathogenic
Ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae
The most comprehensive analysis - 27 distinct body sites and
revealed the presence of 22 bacterial phyla, with most sequences
(92.3%) related to just four phyla:

 Actinobacteria :36.6%
 Firmicutes :34.3% Common group of Microbiota in Human body
Bacteroidetes
 Proteobacteria :11.9% 9.5%

 Bacteroidetes :9.5%

Proteobacteria
11.9% Actinobacteria
36.6%

Firmicutes
34.3%
Actinobacteria
Corynebacterium, Firmicutes
Propionibacterium, Staphyloco
Microbacterium, ccus
Micrococcus Clostridium

Proteobacteria
Pseudomonas,
Janthinobacterium, Bacteriodetes
Serratia,
Halomonas, Sphingobacteri
Stenotrophomonas, um,
Delftia, Cryseobacterium
Comamonas
Advantages

1.Provide a first line of defense against microbial pathogens through “bacterial


interference”.

2. Assist in digestion: They produce vitamin B and vitamin K in intestine.

3.Play a role in toxin degradation

4.The oral flora contribute to immunity by inducing low levels of


circulating and secretory antibodies that may cross react with
pathogens.
Disadvantages

They can cause disease in the


following:

a)When individuals become


immunocompromised.

b)When they change their usual


anatomic location.
• Members of the normal flora form part of the host and include:
Saprophytes Commensals
Facultative pathogens and True pathogens
Methanobrevibacter smithii Candida species Major group of microbes
Methanosphaera Malassezia species - skin
stadtmanae
Sterile organs in human body
Internal organs except alimentary tract are STERILE at health.
In a healthy human the internal tissues (e.g.,
brain, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, muscles) are
normally free of microorganisms.
Sterility maintained by:
1. Local defense mechanisms
2. Chemical substances in serum & tissues. Ex: Antibodies.
3. Phagocytic activity of polymorphomononucleocytes (PMN)

Areas of the body with normal flora:


• Respiratory tract
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Genital tract
• Skin
• External auditory meatus
Newborn is sterile from normal flora in uterus.

After birth, it will be


exposed to many sources of
normal flora Ex: mother’s
genital tract and skin
10<1-3
105-6

109
Human body
102
1013 cells

106-7 103-6 1014 bacteria

105-7

103
109-11
 Largest organ – 2 m2 of area

 Inhabits 102 - 104 organisms/sq. cm

Most skin microbes are associated with glands


 eccrine glands—dispersed sweat glands
 apocrine glands—sweat glands activated during puberty
(underarm, genital area, etc.)
 sebaceous glands—with each hair follicle
Unfavourable habitat for microorganisms
(1)The skin is subject to periodic drying. Lack of moisture
drives many resident microbiota into a dormant state.
 However, in certain parts of the body (scalp, ears, axillary
areas, genitourinary and anal regions, perineum,palms),
moisture is sufficiently high to support a resident
microbiota.

(2) The skin has a slightly acidic pH due to the organic acids produced by
normal staphylococci and secretions from skin oil and sweat glands.
The acidic pH (4 to 6) discourages colonization by many

microorganisms.

 (3) sweat contains a high concentration of sodium


chloride.
This makes the skin surface hyperosmotic and
4) Certain inhibitory substances (bactericidal and/or
(

bacteriostatic) on the skin help control colonization, overgrowth,


and infection from microorganisms.

For example, the sweat glands release lysozyme


(muramidase), an enzyme that lyses Staphylococcus
epidermidis and other gram-positive bacteria by
hydrolyzing the (1→4) glycosidic bond connecting
N- acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in
the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan
Gland secretions contain water, amino acids, urea, salts, and
fatty acids that can serve as nutrients
Staphylococcus epidermidis- found in regions of high
moisture
COMMON LESS COMMON
SITE
ORGANISMS
Staphyloccocus Staphyloccocus
epidermidis aureus,
Cutaneous surfaces Corynebacteria
including urethra and (diphteroids)
outer ear Streptococci,
Anaerobes e.g.
Peptostreptococci,
Yeast (Candida sp.)
 S. epidermidis: Major inhabitant making up more than 90% of
the flora

 S. aureus: Nose, perineum, vulvar skin


Occurrence in nasal passages varies with age being greatest
in
newborns, less in adults

 Micrococci, Diphtheroids, Propionibacterium


Eg. P. acnes = children younger than 10 years are rarely colonized
with it
Variety of bacteria: low numbers present
1. High moisture
2. Blinking mechanically removes bacteria
3. Lachrymal secretions include lysozyme – peptidoglycan break

Predominant organisms of the eyes are:

 Moraxella sp
 Diphtheroids
 S. epidermidis
 Moraxella sp
 Non hemolytic streptococci
The nasopharynx of the infant is sterile at birth but in 2-3
days time it acquires the flora.
The nasopharynx is a natural habitat of the common
pathogenic bacteria causing infection of the nose, throat, bronchi
and lungs.

The flora of nose harbours

• Diptheroids
• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus
• Haemophilus, and
• Moraxella lacunata
Modes of protection:
1. continuous stream of
flowing mucus produced by
ciliated cells
2. phagocytic action of macrophages
3. production of lysozyme in mucus

Major sections of the respiratory


tract:

Upper: nasopharynx, oral cavity,


throat –
This is colonized by a wide assortment of microorganisms
(streptococci, staphylococci, Gram-negative cocci) including
pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, S.
Ecology and developmental stages

1. Birth: sterile mouth within 4-12 hours


(lactobacilli, streptococci)
2. Neonate (Streptococcus salivarius,
staphylococci, Neisseriae, Moraxella
catarrhalis)
3. Teeth appear (Streptococcus mutans,
Streptococcus parasanguis)
4. Gingival crevice area (Anaerobic species,
yeasts)
5. Puberty (Bacteroides, spirochetes)

108 bacteria/mL of saliva;


potentially >700 species
Helicobacter pylori - urease

Bacterial fermentation chamber


 Mycobacterium smegmatis a harmless commensal is found in the
secretions (smegma) of both males and females genitalia.
 Gardnerella vaginalis, bacteroides and alpha streptococci have
been found in penile urethra.

The microbiology of the vagina is especially interesting:

1. Pre-puberty: no glycogen, High pH


2. After puberty: glycogen is used by microbes as food, fermented to
lactic acid (especially, Lactobacillus acidophilus) and pH is
acidic.
3. After menopause: returns to the glycogen-free, alkaline
environment lacking lactic acid bacteria.

due to the actions of circulating estrogens


Staphylococcus epidermidis Escherichia coli Gram stain

Streptococcus mutans, the main Lactobacillus acidophilus and a vaginal


bacterium implicated in dental caries squamous epithelial cell.
Bifidobacterium bifidus Enterococcus faecalis ‐
intestine

Clostridium difficile - large intestine Neisseria species - throat.


We are what we eat

• Probiotics – application of life


microbial culture
• Typically lactic acid producing bacteria
ingested to aid digestion and protect
intestine from pathogens

• Prebiotics - refer to chemicals that


induce the growth and/or activity of
commensal microorganisms

You might also like