B. S.

Nursing (Generic) Year II Semester IV

English IV

Unit IV - APA Style of

Writing
 APA Style
 The American Psychological Association
(APA) is the largest scientific and
professional association in the United States
of America.

 APA style is a set of rules and guidelines

provided by this association to ensure a
professional standard of scholarly writing.

 APA style of referencing follows the author-

date style.
 APA Style

 The most recent edition is the 7th

edition APA Manual, published in
October 2019, and is in use currently.

 However, the 6th edition, published

in 2009, is still used by many
universities and journals.
 Background
 APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of
psychologists, anthropologists, and business
managers together attempted to establish a set of
style guidelines that would codify the many
components of scientific writing to increase the
ease of reading comprehension.

 They published their guidelines as a seven-page

article in Psychological Bulletin describing a
“standard of procedure, to which exceptions would
doubtless be necessary, but to which reference
might be made in cases of doubt” ((Bentley et al.,
1929, p. 57).
Importance of APA Style

 Uniformity
and consistency in writing
enable readers to:

 focuson the ideas being presented

rather than formatting

 scan works quickly for key points,

findings, and sources.
 Basic Formatting

 APA writing style requires writers to

format work with one-inch margins
on all sides, in double space, 12
point, Times New Roman font type.
 Title Page

 The title page should contain the

title of the paper, the author's name,
and the institutional affiliation.

A student paper should also include

the course number and name,
instructor name, and assignment
due date.
Title Page
Title Page
 Referencing

 Referencing is a method used to

identify where you have obtained
information and ideas for your
assignments.
 Importance of
Referencing
Referencing is necessary to:

 avoid plagiarism

 verify quotations

 enable readers to follow-up and retrieve the

checked source

 If you quote or paraphrase someone else’s work or

ideas, you must acknowledge the author and
source. If you don’t, you may be accused of
plagiarism.
 Plagiarism

 Plagiarism is presenting someone

else’s work or ideas as your own, with
or without their consent, by
incorporating it into your work without
full acknowledgement.

 Allpublished and unpublished material,

whether in manuscript, printed or
electronic form, is covered under this
definition.
 Plagiarism

 Plagiarism may be intentional or

reckless, or unintentional.

 Under the regulations for

examinations, intentional or reckless
plagiarism is a disciplinary offence.
 Citation

A citation or in-text citation is an

abbreviated alphanumeric
expression, which occurs in the body
of the text.

 It uses direct quotes and

paraphrases to identify the
author/publication for the material
you have used.
 Citation
 Citations are used:

• to show which reference supports a particular

statement.

• for direct quotes – when you repeat a passage

from a text (or speech, video, etc.) in your
assignment without changing any words.

• when you paraphrase – this is when you use

your own words to restate the meaning of a
text in your assignment.
 In-Text Citation
 The in-text citation consists of:

 Author’s surname(s) in the order they

appear in the actual publication

 Page or paragraph numbers for direct quotes

and for paraphrasing where appropriate

 The in-text citation is placed immediately

after the text which refers to the source
being cited.
 When to use in-text
citation?
 Insert an in-text citation when your
work is influenced by someone else’s
work.

 It is
used when:
 you directly quote someone else’s
work
 when you paraphrase someone
else’s work
 In-Text Citation

1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

a. A work by two authors

 Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the

parentheses each time you cite the work.

 Use the word "and" between the authors' names

within the text and “&” in the parentheses.

e.g. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994)

supports... (Wegener & Petty, 1994)
 In-Text Citation
1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

b. A work by three to five authors

 List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses

the first time you cite the source.

 Use the word "and" between the authors' names within

the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

 In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last

name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
 In-Text Citation

1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

c. Six or more authors

 Usethe first author's name followed

by et al. in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
 In-Text Citation
1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

d. Unknown author

 If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its
title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the
parentheses.

A similar study was done of students learning to format

research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

 Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the

author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In
the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.
 In-Text Citation
1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

e. Organization as an author

 If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention

the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical
citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

 If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the

abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then
use only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

 In-Text Citation
1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

f. Two or more works in the same parentheses

 When your parenthetical citation includes two or more

works, order them the same way they appear in the
reference list, separated by a semi-colon.
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

g. Authors with the same last name

 To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last

names.
(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
 In-Text Citation

1. CITING AN AUTHOR OR
AUTHORS

 Introductions, prefaces,
forewords, and afterwords -
When citing an introduction, preface,
foreword, or afterwords in text, cite
the appropriate author and year as
usual.
 In-Text Citation
2. CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

 Cite personal communications like personal

conversations, emails, class lectures, research
interviews only in the text.

 Give the initials as well as the surname of the

communicator, and provide the exact date if possible.

According to S. Brown (personal communication, July

22, 2012), the statistics class is full.
OR
The statistics class is full (S. Brown, personal
communication, July 22, 2012).
 In-Text Citation

3. CITING SPECIFIC PARTS OF A SOURCE

 To cite a specific part of a source, provide

an author–date citation for the work plus
information about the specific part.

 A part might be a page, chapter, table, or

video time stamp.

(World Health Organization, 2019, p. 202)

(Graver, 2019, pp. 3–11)
 Reference List

A reference list includes only those

references which were actually cited in
the text of one's paper.

 (Abibliography includes all literature

consulted which was "immediately
relevant" to the research process,
even though the material was not
cited in the text of one's paper.)
 Reference List

 When compiling a reference list one

needs to pay particular attention to
the following:

1) sequence
2) punctuation and spacing
3) capitalization
4) underlining
 Reference List
1. BOOKS

a. A book with one author

 Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful
writer: A modern guide to English usage .
New York: Athenaeum.

b. A book with two authors

 Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The
elements of style (3rd ed.). New York:
Macmillan.
 Reference List

c. A book with three or more

authors
 List each author.

 Smith,V., Barr, R., & Burke, D. (1976).

Alternatives in education: Freedom to
choose. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta
Kappa, Educational Foundation
 Reference List

d. Editor or compiler as an author

 Rich, J. M. (Ed.). (1972). Readings in the
philosophy of education (2nd ed.).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

e. An essay in an edited book or

collection
 James, J. (1988). In S. Blake's (Eds.),
Reader for young adults. New York:
Macmillan.
 Reference List

2. AN ENTRY IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA

 Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The

new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

3. A MAGAZINE ARTICLE

 Gardner, H. (1981, December). Do babies

sing a universal song? Psychology Today ,
pp. 70-76.
 Reference List

3. A MAGAZINE ARTICLE

A magazine article retrieved online

Clay, R. A. (2014, December). Taking

action against Ebola. Monitor on
Psychology, 45(11), 14.
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/12/eb
ola
 Reference List

4. A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Rowe, K. (2020, January 8). Training center shut

down due to termites. The San Diego Union
Tribune, C3.

 A magazine article retrieved online

McAllister, J. (2017, July 5). Beaver Stadium

prepares for inaugural concert. Centre Daily Times.
http://www.centredaily.com/entertainment/this-
weekend/article159672269.html
 Reference List

4. A JOURNAL ARTICLE

 One author
Herrington, A. J. (1985). Classrooms as forums
for reasoning and writing. College Composition
and Communication, 36(4), 404-413.

 Two authors
Horowitz, L. M., & Post, D. L. (1981). The
prototype as a construct in abnormal
psychology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
90(6), 575-585.
 Reference List

4. A JOURNAL ARTICLE

 Society, association, or institution

as author
Institute on Rehabilitation Issues.
(1975). Critical issues in rehabilitating
the severely handicapped.
Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,
18(4), 205-213.
 Reference List

5. AN ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE

 Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist

response to the nature of human rights.
Journal of Buddhist Ethics , 8(4).
Retrieved February 20, 2001,from
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.ht
ml
The End