15EC654
15EC654
Definition:
• Transfer input sample points to the correct output ports at the correct time
Terminology
• Switching
• Digital switching (sample points amplitudes are 0's and 1's)
• PABX
• Circuit
• Circuit switching
• Packet switching
Telephone switching
• Time division multiplexing: time slot (0.1 ms), field, frame;
• 125ms/0.8=150 channels + time for synchronization and control
• Circuit Switching
• Message Switching
• Packet Switching
Disadvantages:
• Possible long wait to establish a connection, (10 seconds,
more on long- distance or international calls.) during which
no data can be transmitted.
• More expensive than any other switching techniques,
because a dedicated path is required for each connection.
• Inefficient use of the communication channel, because the
channel is not used when the connected systems are not
using it.
Disadvantages
• Message switching is not compatible with interactive
applications.
• Store-and-forward devices are expensive, because they
must have large disks to hold potentially long messages.
• The size of the packet can vary from 180 bits, the
size for the Datakit® virtual circuit switch designed
by Bell Labs for communications and business
applications; to 1,024 or 2,048 bits for the 1PSS®
switch, also designed by Bell Labs for public data
networking; to 53 bytes for ATM switching, such as
Lucent Technologies' packet switches.
• In virtual circuit, the route between stations does not mean that
this is a dedicated path, as in circuit switching.
• A packet is still buffered at each node and queued for output over
a line.
• The difference between virtual circuit and datagram approaches:
With virtual circuit, the node does not need to make a routing
decision for each packet.
It is made only once for all packets using that virtual circuit.
Advantages:
• Packet switching is cost effective, because switching
devices do not need massive amount of secondary
storage.
• Packet switching offers improved delay characteristics,
because there are no long messages in the queue
(maximum packet size is fixed).
• Packet can be rerouted if there is any problem, such as,
busy or disabled links.
• The advantage of packet switching is that many
network users can share the same channel at the same
time. Packet switching can maximize link efficiency by
making optimal use of link bandwidth.
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numbering+schemeDept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 64
CROSS BAR SWITCH
Circuit Switching
Station Equipment
Transmission
Stored Digital
program Switching Building Block
Control System of DSS
System Fundamentals
1st stage
2nd stage
• If x ≥ N , for δt
• For statistical
C1 = (N(N-1))/2
• An initial setup phase is used to set up a route between the intermediate nodes
for all the packets passed during the session between the two end nodes. In each
intermediate node, an entry is registered in a table to indicate the route for the
connection that has been set up. Thus, packets passed through this route, can
have short headers, containing only a virtual circuit identifier (VCI), and not their
destination. Each intermediate node passes the packets according to the
information that was stored in it, in the setup phase. In this way, packets arrive at
the destination in the correct sequence, and it is guaranteed that essentially
there will not be errors.
• This approach is slower than Circuit Switching, since different virtual circuits may
compete over the same resources, and an initial setup phase is needed to initiate
the circuit. As in Circuit Switching, if an intermediate node fails, all virtual circuits
that pass through it are lost. The most common forms of Virtual Circuit networks
are X.25 and Frame Relay, which are commonly used for public data networks
(PDN).
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 171
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 172
Datagram Packet Switching Networks
• This approach uses a different, more dynamic scheme, to determine the
route through the network links. Each packet is treated as an
independent entity, and its header contains full information about the
destination of the packet. The intermediate nodes examine the header
of the packet, and decide to which node to send the packet so that it
will reach its destination. In the decision two factors are taken into
account:
• The shortest ways to pass the packet to its destination - protocols such
as RIP/OSPF are used to determine the shortest path to the destination.
• Finding a free node to pass the packet to - in this way, bottlenecks are
eliminated, since packets can reach the destination in alternate routes.
• Thus, in this method, the packets don't follow a pre-established route,
and the intermediate nodes (the routers) don't have pre-defined
knowledge of the routes that the packets should be passed through.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 173
• Packets can follow different routes to the destination, and delivery is
not guaranteed (although packets usually do follow the same route,
and are reliably sent). Due to the nature of this method, the packets
can reach the destination in a different order than they were sent, thus
they must be sorted at the destination to form the original message.
This approach is time consuming since every router has to decide
where to send each packet. The main implementation of Datagram
Switching network is the Internet, which uses the IP network protocol.
Problems:
• Packets may be delivered out of order.
• If a node crashes momentarily, all of its queued packets
are lost.
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 175
In spite of increase in overhead, the
transmission time may decreases in packet
switching technique because of parallelism in
transmission
On the other hand, the key features of the datagram packet switching are
as follows:
• Each packet is treated independently
• Call set up phase is avoided
• Inherently more flexible and reliable
B1 =[1-(1-b)2] k
B2 = [ B1 + c(1-B1)] n
However bilateral links are used for exchanges in the same level of the
hierarchy.
• The connect sequence consists of software routines that scan the line and
detect request for originations.
• Once the line equipment informs the line scanning program that a line has
gone off-hook this is a request for dial tone.
• It will pass the control to the test line program. The function of this
program is to test the presence of false ground, high voltage, line cross
and other conditions.
• After these tests dial tone is returned to the subscriber, signaling the
customer to start dialing.
• Once the switch detects the start of dialing , the dial tone is removed and
a digit receiver is attached to the line equipment.
• After receiving correct number, Switching fabric establish the talking path.
After this the ringing service circuits attached to the called party. When
the called party answers the call automatic message accounting for billing
the call is started
• The feature is activated when the customer goes off-hook and dials an
activation code.
• The software checks for the correct validation code. If the code is wrong
the subscriber does not get the second dial tone.
• If the code is correct the subscriber will get second dial tone and is allowed
to dial the call forwarding number.
• The number is rung once, and the number is stored in the system memory
for future use.
• The feature operation : If the subscriber receives a call on the line that has
the CF feature activated.
• The systems rings the called subscriber once and then forwards the call to a
number previously stored.
• The feature can be deactivated by dialing the deactivation code. If it is
correct CF is deactivated. Otherwise request is ignored.
• Manual Recovery