This self-study paper, submitted by Sarita for a Master's degree in Mathematics, focuses on the topic of Differential Equations. It covers various concepts including the order and degree of differential equations, types of ordinary and partial differential equations, and their applications. The paper also acknowledges the guidance of the supervisor, Mrs. Pooja, and includes references for further reading.
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2221021 4th sem ppt
This self-study paper, submitted by Sarita for a Master's degree in Mathematics, focuses on the topic of Differential Equations. It covers various concepts including the order and degree of differential equations, types of ordinary and partial differential equations, and their applications. The paper also acknowledges the guidance of the supervisor, Mrs. Pooja, and includes references for further reading.
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A
Self Study Paper
in partial fulfilment For the award of degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In department of Mathematics 2023 - 24
CHAUDHARY BANSI LAL UNIVERSITY ,BHIWANI, HARYANA
SUPERVISOR Submitted By Mrs. Pooja Name : Sarita Assist. Prof. of mathematics J.V.M.G.R.R. COLLEGE Roll No. : 2221021 CHARKHI DADRI Class : M.Sc final Year ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Mrs. Pooja(Assist. Prof.) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things . I am really thankful to them. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION • ORDER AND DEGREE OF D.E. • TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION • BASIC CONCEPT OF ODE • TYPES OF ODE • BASIC CONCEPT OF PDE • TYPES OF PDE • APPLIATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS A differential equation is an equation containing the derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to one or more independent variables. For Example: d²y/dx² + dy/dx = 2x dy/dx = 2xy xdy/dx = y-1 ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x ∂²u/∂x² + ∂²u/∂y² = 2∂u/∂y Order and Degree of Differential Equation : • The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appearing in the equation. • The degree of a differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative in the equation. Examples : • (dy/dx)²=2x²+4 It has order 1 and degree 2. • d²y/dx²+3dy/dx=0 It has order 2 and degree 1. • (d²y/dx²)³+dy/dx=9 It has order 2 and degree 3. TYPES OF differential equation ODE(Ordinary Differential Equation): An equation contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables of a single independent variable. For Example, d²y/dx² + dy/dx = 3cosy dy/dx = 3x²+2x+1 PDE(Partial Differential Equation): An equation contains partial derivatives or more dependent variables of two or more independent variables. For Example, ∂²y/∂x² + x.∂y/∂x = x²+x ∂²z/∂x² + ∂²z/∂y² = 1 TYPES OF ODE : FIRST ORDER ODE FIRST ORDER LINEAR ODE EXACT EQUATION NON – LINEAR FIRST ORDER ODE SEPARABLE EQUATION SECOND ORDER ODE LINEAR SECOND ORDER ODE HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER ODE NON-LINEAR SECOND ORDER ODE NON-HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER ODE HIGHER ORDER ODE LINEAR NTH ORDER ODE HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION NON-HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION FIRST ORDER ODE : • A first order differential equation is an equation involving the unknown function y , its derivative y’ and the variable x. We will only talk about explicit differential equations. y’ = f(x , y) • General Form, dy/dx = F(x , y). • For Example, dy/dx = 2x + 3 FIRST ORDER LINEAR ODE : • A first order linear ordinary differential equation has the following form : dy / dx +p(x)y = q(x). • The general solution is given by y (I.F.)= ∫I.F. q(x)d(x) + c, where I.F. = exp(∫p(x)dx) called the integrating factor . EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION • A differential equation of type P(x , y)dx + Q(x , y)dy = 0 ……. (1) is called an exact differential equation if there exists a function of two variables u(x ,y)with continuous partial derivatives such that du = P(x , y)dx + Q(x , y)dy. • The general solution of an exact equation is given by u(x, y) = c, where c is an arbitrary constant. • Let P(x , y) and Q(x , y) have continuous partial derivatives in domain D.The differential equation (1) is exact if and only if ∂Q / ∂x = ∂P / ∂y . SEPARABLE EQUATION : • A separable differential equation is any differential that can we can write in the following form : N(y)dy = M(x)dx. • Note that in order for a differential equation to be separable all the y’s in the differential equation must be multiplied by the derivative and all the x’s in the differential equation must be on the other side of the equal sign. SECOND ORDER ODE :
• The most general linear second order differential
equation is in the form : p(t)y’’ + q(t)y’ + r(t)y = g(t). • In fact ,we will rarely look at non – constant coefficient linear second order differential equations. In the case where we assume constant coefficients we will use the following differential equation: ay’’ + by’ + cy = g(t). Where g(t) ≠ 0. This differential equation is known as Non – Homogeneous differential equation . In differential equation : ay’’ + by’ + cy = g(t). if g(t) = 0,then the equation becomes ay’’ + by’ + cy =0. This differential equation is known as Homogeneous differential equation. HIGHER ORDER ODE : WAVE EQUATION : LAPLACE EQUATION : HEAT EQUATION : APPLICATIONS :
MODELLING WITH FIRST - ORDER EQUATIONS
• Newton's Law of Cooling • Radioactive Decay • Newton’s second law of motion REFERENCE