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2221021 4th sem ppt

This self-study paper, submitted by Sarita for a Master's degree in Mathematics, focuses on the topic of Differential Equations. It covers various concepts including the order and degree of differential equations, types of ordinary and partial differential equations, and their applications. The paper also acknowledges the guidance of the supervisor, Mrs. Pooja, and includes references for further reading.

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Sarita Jangra
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0 views22 pages

2221021 4th sem ppt

This self-study paper, submitted by Sarita for a Master's degree in Mathematics, focuses on the topic of Differential Equations. It covers various concepts including the order and degree of differential equations, types of ordinary and partial differential equations, and their applications. The paper also acknowledges the guidance of the supervisor, Mrs. Pooja, and includes references for further reading.

Uploaded by

Sarita Jangra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A

Self Study Paper


in partial fulfilment
For the award of degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In department of Mathematics
2023 - 24

CHAUDHARY BANSI LAL UNIVERSITY ,BHIWANI, HARYANA


SUPERVISOR Submitted By
Mrs. Pooja Name : Sarita
Assist. Prof. of mathematics
J.V.M.G.R.R. COLLEGE Roll No. : 2221021
CHARKHI DADRI Class : M.Sc final Year
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude


to my teacher Mrs. Pooja(Assist. Prof.) who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
which also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many new things .
I am really thankful to them.
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
• ORDER AND DEGREE OF D.E.
• TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• BASIC CONCEPT OF ODE
• TYPES OF ODE
• BASIC CONCEPT OF PDE
• TYPES OF PDE
• APPLIATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A differential equation is an equation
containing the derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to one or
more independent variables.
For Example:
d²y/dx² + dy/dx = 2x
dy/dx = 2xy
xdy/dx = y-1
∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x
∂²u/∂x² + ∂²u/∂y² = 2∂u/∂y
Order and Degree of Differential
Equation :
• The order of a differential equation is the order of
the highest derivative appearing in the equation.
• The degree of a differential equation is the power
of the highest order derivative in the equation.
Examples :
• (dy/dx)²=2x²+4
It has order 1 and degree 2.
• d²y/dx²+3dy/dx=0
It has order 2 and degree 1.
• (d²y/dx²)³+dy/dx=9
It has order 2 and degree 3.
TYPES OF differential
equation
ODE(Ordinary Differential Equation):
An equation contains only ordinary derivatives of one or
more dependent variables of a single independent variable.
For Example,
d²y/dx² + dy/dx = 3cosy
dy/dx = 3x²+2x+1
PDE(Partial Differential Equation):
An equation contains partial derivatives or more dependent
variables of two or more independent variables.
For Example,
∂²y/∂x² + x.∂y/∂x = x²+x
∂²z/∂x² + ∂²z/∂y² = 1
TYPES OF ODE :
 FIRST ORDER ODE
FIRST ORDER LINEAR ODE
EXACT EQUATION
NON – LINEAR FIRST ORDER ODE
SEPARABLE EQUATION
 SECOND ORDER ODE
LINEAR SECOND ORDER ODE
HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER ODE
NON-LINEAR SECOND ORDER ODE
NON-HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER ODE
 HIGHER ORDER ODE
LINEAR NTH ORDER ODE
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
NON-HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
FIRST ORDER
ODE :
• A first order differential equation is an
equation involving the unknown function y , its
derivative y’ and the variable x. We will only
talk about explicit differential equations.
y’ = f(x , y)
• General Form,
dy/dx = F(x , y).
• For Example,
dy/dx = 2x + 3
FIRST ORDER LINEAR ODE :
• A first order linear ordinary differential equation
has the following form :
dy / dx +p(x)y = q(x).
• The general solution is given by
y (I.F.)= ∫I.F. q(x)d(x) + c,
where
I.F. = exp(∫p(x)dx)
called the integrating factor .
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
• A differential equation of type
P(x , y)dx + Q(x , y)dy = 0 ……. (1)
is called an exact differential equation if there exists a
function of two variables u(x ,y)with continuous
partial derivatives such that
du = P(x , y)dx + Q(x , y)dy.
• The general solution of an exact equation is given by
u(x, y) = c, where c is an arbitrary constant.
• Let P(x , y) and Q(x , y) have continuous partial
derivatives in domain D.The differential equation (1)
is exact if and only if
∂Q / ∂x = ∂P / ∂y .
SEPARABLE EQUATION
:
• A separable differential equation is any
differential that can we can write in the following
form :
N(y)dy = M(x)dx.
• Note that in order for a differential equation to be
separable all the y’s in the differential equation
must be multiplied by the derivative and all the
x’s in the differential equation must be on the
other side of the equal sign.
SECOND ORDER ODE :

• The most general linear second order differential


equation is in the form :
p(t)y’’ + q(t)y’ + r(t)y = g(t).
• In fact ,we will rarely look at non – constant
coefficient linear second order differential equations.
In the case where we assume constant coefficients
we will use the following differential equation:
ay’’ + by’ + cy = g(t).
Where g(t) ≠ 0.
This differential equation is known as Non –
Homogeneous differential equation .
In differential equation :
ay’’ + by’ + cy = g(t).
if g(t) = 0,then the equation becomes
ay’’ + by’ + cy =0.
This differential equation is known as
Homogeneous differential equation.
HIGHER ORDER ODE :
WAVE EQUATION :
LAPLACE
EQUATION :
HEAT
EQUATION :
APPLICATIONS :

MODELLING WITH FIRST - ORDER EQUATIONS


• Newton's Law of Cooling
• Radioactive Decay
• Newton’s second law of motion
REFERENCE

An Introduction to Differential Equations and


Their Applications
by Stanley Farlow

• https://www.slideshare.net
• https://www.learnpick.in
• https://www.scribd.com

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