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Expert System__ Ai (1)

An expert system is a computer program designed to solve complex problems and make decisions like a human expert by utilizing a knowledge base and inference rules. It operates through structured processes of input, processing, output, and explanation, and is commonly used in fields such as medicine, finance, and technical support. MYCIN is a notable example of an expert system that assisted in diagnosing bacterial infections and recommending treatments based on patient data.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views35 pages

Expert System__ Ai (1)

An expert system is a computer program designed to solve complex problems and make decisions like a human expert by utilizing a knowledge base and inference rules. It operates through structured processes of input, processing, output, and explanation, and is commonly used in fields such as medicine, finance, and technical support. MYCIN is a notable example of an expert system that assisted in diagnosing bacterial infections and recommending treatments based on patient data.

Uploaded by

shaahi356
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERT SYSTEM

The world of Artificial Intelligence


CONTEXT

● INTRODUCTION TO EXPERT SYSTEM

● ROLE OF EXPERT SYSTEM IN


KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION

● EXAMPLE OF EXPERT SYSTEM


(MYCIN )
What is Expert System?

● An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve


complex problems and to provide decision making ability like a human
expert
● It performs this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using
the reasoning and inference rules according to the user queries.
● It solves the most complex issue as an expert by extracting the
knowledge stored in its knowledge base.
●The system helps in decision making for complex problem using both fact and
heuristics like a human expert
●It is called so because it contains the expert knowledge of a specific domain and
can solve any complex problem of that particular domain. These system are
designed for a specific domain, such as medicine, science, etc.
●The more knowledge stored in KB, the more that system improves its performance
one of the common examples of an ES is a suggestion of spelling errors while
typing in the Google search box.
How Expert system works?
Expert systems operate by following a structured approach:

1. Input Data: Users provide data or queries related


to a specific problem or scenario.

2. Processing: The inference engine processes the


input data using the rules in the knowledge base
to generate conclusions or recommendations.

3. Output: The system presents the results or


solutions to the user through the user interface.

4. Explanation: If applicable, the system explains


how the conclusions were reached, providing
insights into the reasoning process.
Architecture of Expert System
Components of Expert System

KNOWLEDGE BASE

INFERENCE ENGINE

USER INTERFACE
KNOWLEDGE BASE:

● A knowledge base is an organized collection of facts about


the system’s domain.
● Facts for a Knowledge base must be acquired from human
experts through interviews and observations.
● This Knowledge is then usually represented in the form of
“if-then”rules (production rules:”If some condition is true,
then the following inference can be made(or some action
taken).”
● A probability factor is often attached to the conclusion of
each production rule and to the ultimate recommendation,
because the conclusion is not a certainty.
COMPONENT OF KNOWLEDGE BASE

FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE HEURISTIC KNOWLEDGE

It is the information widely It is about


accepted by the Knowledge practice,accurate
Engineers and scholars in judgement,one’s ability
the task domain of evaluation and
guessing
THE INFERENCE ENGINE:

An inference engine interprets and evaluates the facts in the


knowledge base in order to provide an answer or to reach a goal state.

Strategies used by the inference engine


● Forward chaining
● Backward chaining
Forward Chaining:

● It is a data-driven strategy.
● The inference process moves from the facts of the case to a
goal
● The inference engine attempts to match the condition(IF)part of
each rule in the knowledge base with the facts currently
available in the working memory.
Fact 1
AND

Fact 2
Decision 1

Decision 3
AND

Fact 3

OR
Decision 2
Fact 4
Backward Chaining:

● On the Basis of what has already happened,the Inference Engine


tries to find out which conditions could have happened in the past
for this result.
● The inference engine attempts to match the
assumed(hypothesized), the goal or subgoal state-with the (THEN)
part of the rule.
Fact 1
AND

Fact 2
Decision 1

AND Decision 3

Decision 2

Fact 3

OR

Fact 4
User Interface:

● User interface provides interaction between use of the ES and


the ES itself.
● The User Interface of the ES need not to be necessarily an expert
in AI.
Types of Expert Systems in AI
In AI, expert systems are designed to emulate the decision-making
abilities of human experts.
They are categorized based on their underlying technology and
application areas.
Here are the primary types of expert systems in AI:
Rule-Based Expert Systems

Frame-Based Expert Systems

Fuzzy Logic Systems

Neural Network-Based Expert


Systems

Neuro-Fuzzy Expert Systems


Characteristics of Expert System

High performance:

The expert system provides high performance for solving any type of complex
problem of a specific domain with high efficiency and accuracy.

Understandable:

It responds in a way that can be easily understandable by the user, and it can take
input in human language and provides the output in the same way.

Reliable:

It is much reliable for generating an efficient and accurate output.

Highly responsive:

ES provides the result for any complex query within a very short period of time.
Application of Expert system

● Medical Diagnosis: Expert systems assist doctors by analyzing symptoms and medical
history to suggest possible diagnosis or treatment options. For example, MYCIN, an early
expert system, helped identify bacterial infections and recommend antibiotics .

● Financial Services: In finance, expert systems are used for credit scoring, fraud detection, and
investment advice. They analyze financial data and patterns to make informed decisions.

● Technical Support: Expert systems can troubleshoot and provide solutions for technical
issues. They guide users through problem-solving steps based on predefined rules and
knowledge.

● Manufacturing: In manufacturing, expert systems help optimize production processes, perform


quality control, and manage inventory by analyzing data and making recommendations.
Benefits of Expert Systems

1. Consistency: Expert systems provide consistent and reliable recommendations,


reducing the variability that can occur with human decision-making.
2. Availability: They are available 24/7 and can handle multiple queries
simultaneously, providing timely assistance and support.
3. Cost-Effectiveness: By automating expert-level decision-making, organizations
can save on the costs associated with hiring and training human experts.
4. Knowledge Preservation: Expert systems preserve valuable knowledge and
expertise, making it accessible even if the original experts are no longer
available.
ROLE
OF
EXPERT SYSTEM
IN
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION:

● Knowledge Acquisition (KA): The process of gathering, extracting, and


integrating knowledge from various sources, including experts,
databases, and texts, into an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system's
knowledge base.

● KA is crucial for developing intelligent systems,expert system and


knowledge-based applications.

● To enable AI systems to learn,reason and make informed decisions by


acquiring and representing knowledge.
Role of Expert System in Knowledge Acquisition

Expert Systems extract knowledge from domain


Knowledge Elicitation experts through interviews, questionnaires, or
observation.

Expert Systems use various representation


Knowledge Representation
techniques (e.g., rules, decision trees) to organize
and store acquired knowledge.

Expert Systems apply logical rules and algorithms


to reason and make decisions based on acquired
Inference and Reasoning knowledge.

Expert Systems test and refine knowledge through


iterative feedback from experts and real-world
applications.
Validation and Verification
Knowledge Acquisition Process:

1. Knowledge Engineers (KEs) interview expert


doctors to identify key symptoms, diseases, and
diagnostic rules.

2. KEs create a knowledge base using rules,


decision trees, and frames to represent the expert
knowledge.

3. MedDiagno's inference engine applies logical


rules to reason and generate diagnoses.
Let's consider a practical example of an expert system in the
medical domain, specifically in diagnosing Patients conditions.

Domain: Medical Diagnosis

Expert System: "MedDiagno"

Goal: Assist doctors in diagnosing diseases based on patient


symptoms.
Example Of Interaction:

User Input:

- Patient symptoms: Fever, headache, fatigue


- Patient age: 35
- Patient medical history: Hypertension

MedDiagno's Output:

- Possible diagnoses: Flu, Meningitis, Hypertension-related complications


- Recommended tests: Blood pressure check, CT scan
- Treatment suggestions: Antibiotics, rest, hydration
Knowledge Acquisition Roles in Medical diagnosis:

1. Knowledge Elicitation: KEs extract knowledge from expert doctors.

2. Knowledge Representation: KEs organize knowledge into rules and


decision trees.

3. Inference and Reasoning: MedDiagno's engine applies rules to


generate diagnoses.

4. Validation and Verification: Expert doctors review and refine


MedDiagno's output.
Impacts of Knowledge Acquisition in Expert Systems

1. Improved Knowledge Representation: Structured and


standardized knowledge.
2. Increased Knowledge Reuse: Across applications and
domains.
3. Faster Knowledge Acquisition: Automated knowledge
extraction.
4. Knowledge Validation: Expert system-based validation.
M Y C I N
● MYCIN was an early AI-based expert system developed in the
1970s to assist doctors in diagnosing bacterial infections and
recommending appropriate antibiotics.
● It used a knowledge base of over 600 IF-THEN rules to process
patient data, helping doctors diagnose infections like bacteremia
and meningitis.
● MYCIN’s inference engine applied these rules to the patient's
symptoms and lab results to suggest a diagnosis and treatment
plan.
● The system could manage uncertainty in medical diagnosis by
using certainty factors, which allowed it to weigh the likelihood
of various diagnoses based on incomplete or uncertain
information.
● Though it was never implemented in clinical practice due to legal
and ethical concerns, MYCIN considered a pioneering example
of an expert system in the field of AI and had a significant
influence on the development of future medical decision-support
systems.
Uses of MYCIN
MYCIN was used to help diagnose bacterial infections,
Medical Diagnosis particularly blood infections like bacteremia and meningitis.

It provided tailored antibiotic treatment recommendations


based on the specific bacteria identified and patient-specific
Antibiotic Recommendations factors, such as allergies.

MYCIN could assess uncertain or incomplete information,


Handling Uncertainty offering diagnoses and treatment suggestions even when not
all data was available.

It served as a decision-support tool for doctors, especially


those less experienced in infectious diseases, by replicating
Decision Support for Doctors
the reasoning process of expert physicians.

MYCIN was used as an educational tool to teach medical


Educational Tool students and professionals about the decision-making process
involved in diagnosing and treating infections.
Key Features of MYCIN:

1. Rule-Based System: MYCIN used a rule-based approach to make decisions. It had a


knowledge base consisting of over 600 rules, which were primarily IF-THEN statements.

For example:

IF the patient has a high fever AND the blood culture is positive for gram-positive
cocci, THEN the likely diagnosis is a streptococcal infection.

2. Inference Engine: The system used an inference engine to apply these rules to the patient's
data (like symptoms, lab results, etc.) to diagnose the infection and suggest a treatment.

3. Uncertainty Handling: MYCIN incorporated a way to handle uncertainty in diagnosis. It used


a certainty factor, which allowed it to weigh different pieces of evidence and come to a
conclusion even when the information was incomplete or uncertain.
Practical example
Let's say a doctor encounters a patient with symptoms such as a high fever, severe headache, and neck
stiffness. The doctor suspects a bacterial infection but isn't sure of the exact cause.

1. Data Input: The doctor inputs the patient's symptoms, lab test results (like
blood cultures), and other relevant information into MYCIN.

2. Diagnosis Process: MYCIN processes this information using its rule-


based system.

For example: If the blood culture is positive for a specific type of bacteria (like
gram-negative rods), MYCIN might identify the bacteria as Escherichia coli and
diagnose the patient with an E. coli infection.

3. Treatment Recommendation: MYCIN then suggests the most effective


antibiotics for treating E. coli infections, considering factors like the
patient's allergies or other medical conditions.

4. Handling Uncertainty: If some test results are ambiguous, MYCIN calculates


certainty factors for different possible diagnoses, helping the doctor
understand the likelihood of each condition and make a more informed
decision.
Expected question

1) Explain the architecture of an expert system


and discuss the roles of the knowledge base
and inference engine.
2) Discuss the process of knowledge acquisition in
expert systems. How does this process impact
the system's effectiveness?
3) Define Expert system
4) Define MYCIN, Uses. . .
5) Applications, Benefit of Expert System
REFERENCE LINK
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/expert-systems/
BY:

SAFA SHERIN

NASIHA

SUMAIYA FARVEEN

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