Diversity in Living

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• Variety in life on Earth.
• Life forms varies depending various factors.
Why can’t I go Antarctica
like them?????
Carolous Linnaeus
• Father of taxonomy
• Swedish scientist
• 1707-1778
• Why we need to group them?
• Easy to understand
• Gives an idea on diversity
• Understand interrelation
• Understands evolution
• Distinguish between discovered and undiscovered

• Do you know there are more than 2 billion

species to be found.

• Science that studies the nomenclature,

classification and identification of organisms is
called Taxonomy .
 Nomenclature
• Important to identify and name them.
• Standardized all over the world.
• Processes of naming is called Nomenclature.
• There is common name and scientific name.
• Common name change with language
• Scientific name is standard – scientists name based on
standard principle
• Generic name: share closely with related organisms.
• Specific name: only specific for that species.
 Common name: Rose
Scientific name: Rosa indica

Scientific name-italics

Common name: Humans

Scientific name: Homo sapiens
Genus – capital
Species- small letter

When writing by hand we need to underline

both genus and species name
• Kingdom- Animalia
• Phylum- Chordata( having backbone)
• Class- Aves(forelimbs are modified into wings,well-
developed flight muscles that help during the
flight)
• Class- Mammalia( Forelimbs for walking, running,
climbing, give birth to youngones)
• Order- Carnivora (large, sharp teeth and powerful
jaws)
• Order- Primates (Complex brain, eyes forward,
Grasping hand with long fingers)
• Family- Hominidae (no tail, have flattened nails,
ell developed fore arms, erect posture,
communication through language)
• Family- Felidae ( Large ears, flat faces, sharp
claws)
• Family- Canidae( long limbs, olfactory capabilities,
 • Hierarchy of classification.
Kingdom – Plant /Animal
Phylum-
Class -Chordata
Mammalia
Order -
Carnivora
Family- Felidae
Genus - Felis
Species - catus
• Initially it was classified into two kingdoms ( Kingdom
Plantae and Animalia )-(Carolous classification)

• All plant features( cell wall, no legs, chlorophyll, etc.)

and animal features ( legs, heterotrophic, no
chlorophyll, etc.).

• But some couldn’t come under any – Eg:

Euglena( have chlorophyll but no cell wall, show
autotrophic and heterotrophic in nature), viruses.

• Therefore 5 kingdom classification has been

introduced.
ClassificationKingdom
of

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animali

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae

Five Kingdom
Classification,
R.H Whittaker, 1969
Criteria:
• Cell type
• Cell wall
• Nuclear membrane
• Body organization
• Mode of nutrition
 KINGDOM MONERA
• Single cell
• No cell wall ( but have some exceptions)
• Chromosome material is not enclosed in a membrane.
• No membrane bound organelles.
• Heterotrophic (major) and autotrophic.
I. Archaebacteria II. Eubacteria
• Live in most harsh habitats- salt • Rigid cell wall.
(halophiles), hot springs • Motile ones have flagellum.
(thermoacidophiles), marshy • Eg: Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
area(methanogens). • Some can fix atmospheric nitrogen
• Have special cell wall structure. in specialized cells- heterocysts.
• Methanogens- gut of cattles – • Chemosynthetic autotrophic
making biogas from dung. • Heterotrophic
• Mainly divide by fission
• Eubacteria is called as true
bacteria.
• Shapes- spiral, rod, spherical
• Can be classified into 4 types:
• 1. Gram positive bacteria
• Mostly gram positive
• Distinguished by gram staining
• Lots of peptidoglycan on cell wall.
• Eg: streptococcus- causing sore throat
• 2. Proteobacteria
• Gram negative
• Most common seen enteric bacteria
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria. Eg. Salmonella,
vibrio
• 3. Cyanobacteria
• Oxygen producing photosynthetic bacteria
• Basically gram negative
• Best eg: blue green algae
• Some have specialized cells called
heterocyst- have nitrogen fixing enzyme.
• 4. Spirochetes
• Spiral shaped
• Gram negative
• Aerobic and anaerobic form
• Chemo heterotrophs
• Can survive as parasite or symbiotic
relation

• III. Mycoplasm
• Smallest free living bacterial cell
• Unique prok. No cell wall
• Therefore not effected by most
antibiotics.
• Gram negative
• Facultative anaerobic.
• Cannot filter .
KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Single celled eukaryotes.
• Difficult to give clear boundary.
• Membrane bound organelles are present.
• Mostly are aquatic
• Some can ingest small animals(amoeba, paramecium)
while others have chlorophyll (Euglena)
• Main groups include:
• I. Algae
• Chrysophytes
• Diatoms and golden algae
• Microscopic and float
• Diatoms : special cell wall has two
layers , inner cell wall is
embedded inside a shell like cell
wall made from silica. Only male
can move using flagella. (DE)
• Dinoflagellates
• Marine and photosynthetic.
• Different color- blue, red, green,
(depending on pigment)
• Cell wall has stiff cellulose plates.
• Most have 2 flagellas
• Red dinoflagellates – multiply
fast, red color to sea, toxin
produces.
• II. Slime Moulds
• Saprophytic
• Engulf organic matters – dead and
decay matters.
• Create plasmodium ( favorable
condition)
• Unfavorable- plasmodium will turn to
fruiting bodies with spores at tip.
• Spores can survive long and harsh
conditions.
• III. Protozoans
• Hetrotrophic –predator/parasite
• Ancestor relative of animals.
• FIVE major groups:
• Amoeboid P. – moist soil, fresh & sea
water. Move and engulf by pseudopodia.
Sea ones will have silica shell. Eg:
Amoeba, Entameba
• Flagellated P.- free living or parasite,
have flagella, cause diseases like
sleeping sickness. Eg.
Trypanosoma(sleeping sickness)
• Ciliated P.- aquatic, actively move(cilia),
have open outside (gullet). Water stream
in with food. Eg: Paramoecium
• Sporozoans P. – unique , have
infectious spore stage. Eg: Plasmodium
(malaria diseases)
• Euglenoids
• Mostly fresh water- stagnate water.
• No cell wall, instead protein rich layer
called pellicle- make their body
flexible.
• Two flagella- short and long
• Autotrophic (in presence of
sunlight) and heterotrophic (in the
dark)
• Pigment similar to higher plants.
 KINGDOM FUNGI
• Heterotroph
• Great diversity in
structure and habitat
• Multi and uni- cellular
present
• Unicellular- Yeast
• No chlorophyll

• Uses:
• Antibiotic
• Recycling
• Food industry
• Structure:
• Hyphae
• Mycelium
• Fruiting body
• Gills (spores are found)
• Classification based on habitat:
• Saprophytes- absorb nutrients or soluble organic
matter from dead
• Parasites- from living organisms
• Mutualistic fungi/ Symbiosis- mutual relationship Eg:
Lichens (algae+fungai) , Mycorrhiza ( tree root
+fungi)
• Reproductive structure
• Sporangia: formation of spores
• Gametangia: structures within which gametes forms
(Haploid chromosomes) but not from meiosis.
• Conidiophores: produce conidia- multinucleated
asexual spores.
• Spores in common mean of reproduction in fungus
• Sexual reproduction
• Sexual spores- meio-spores- from meiosis
• Reproduction in 3 sequential stages.
• 1. Meiosis- diploid chromosomes are pulled apart
into two daughter cells to have haploid
chromosomes.
• 2. Plasmogamy- two separate cells with haploid
chromosomes will fuse ( only fusion of protoplasm-
no nuclei fusion).
• 3. Karyogamy- fusion of haploid to form diploid
nucleus ( 2 sets of chromosomes)
• Cell formed from karyogamy is called ZYGOTE
• Mostly fungus will stay in haploid state- only during
zygote it remains at diploid which will immediately
turn to plasogamy.
• Asexual reproduction
• Spores from asexual reproduction is called mito-
spores- by mitosis.
• 3 methods
• 1. Fragmentation- fragment of thallus ( fungus body)
• 2. Fission (Binary fission)
• 3. Budding
• Classification based on morphology and reproduction
structure.
• 1. Dueteromycetes
• 2. Phycomycetes
• 3. Zygomycetes
• 4. Ascomycetes
• 5. Basidomycetes
• Deuteromycetes
• Sexual reproduction is not identified
• They are also called imperfect fungi
• Asexual reproduction is known
• Asexual spores called CONIDIA
• Mycelium is septate and branched.
• Majority of them is saprophytes
Algae Bryophytes
Pteridophyte Gymnosperm
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