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Planing Cycle

National health planning in India is a systematic process aimed at improving health services by analyzing health situations, establishing objectives, assessing resources, and fixing priorities. It involves a series of steps including plan formulation, execution, and evaluation to ensure effective management of health resources. The ultimate goal is to achieve rapid and balanced economic and social development through coordinated health initiatives.

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Debalina Ghosh
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3 views17 pages

Planing Cycle

National health planning in India is a systematic process aimed at improving health services by analyzing health situations, establishing objectives, assessing resources, and fixing priorities. It involves a series of steps including plan formulation, execution, and evaluation to ensure effective management of health resources. The ultimate goal is to achieve rapid and balanced economic and social development through coordinated health initiatives.

Uploaded by

Debalina Ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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National health

planning in
India
Debalina Ghosh
Tutor/ Clinical Instructor
AIIMS Kalyani
National health planning in India
Planning and management are relatively new subjects. Planning is for
tomorrow, and management is for today. These subjects have acquired great
importance during the past two decades. The purpose of planning is-

(1)To match the limited resources with many problems;

(2)To eliminate wasteful expenditure or duplication of expenditure; and

(3)Develop the best course of action to accomplish a defined objective.

Planning and management are considered essential if higher standards


of health and health care are to be achieved.
National health planning in India
Planning in its broadest sense includes three steps: (a) Plan
formulation, (b) Execution, and (c) Evaluation. Panning is a matter of
teamwork and consultation. Every country has its plan for national
development. The purpose of national planning is to achieve a rapid,
balanced, economic, and social development of the country as a whole.

National Development Planning has been defined as "continuous,


systematic, coordinated planning for the investment of the resources of a
country (men, money, and materials) in programmes aimed at achieving the
most rapid economic and social development possible”.
National health planning in India
Health planning is a concept of recent origin. It is part of national
development planning. Health planning is necessary for the economic
utilisation of material, manpower, and financial resources. The purpose of
health planning is to improve the health services.

In this context, National Health Planning has been defined as "the


orderly process of defining community health problems, identifying unmet
needs and surveying the resources to meet them, establishing priority goals
that are realistic and feasible, and projecting administrative action to
accomplish the purpose of the proposed programme“.
Planning cycle
Planning is the broad foundation on which much of the management is
based. Planning may be defined as a process of analysing a system, or
defining a problem, assessing the extent to which the problem exists as a
need, formulating goals and objectives to alleviate those identified needs,
examining and choosing from among alternative intervention strategies,
initiating the necessary action for its implementation and monitoring the
system to ensure proper implementation of the plan and evaluating the
results of intervention in the light of stated objectives.

Planning thus involves a succession of steps-


Planning cycle
1. Analysis of the health situation:

The first step in health planning is analysis of the health situation. It


involves the collection, assessment, and interpretation of information in such
a way as to provide a clear picture of the health situation. The following
items of data are the minimum essential requirements for health planning:

(a) The population, its age and sex structure;

(b)Statistics of morbidity and mortality;

(c) The epidemiology and geographical distribution of different diseases;


Planning cycle
1. Analysis of the health situation:

(d) Medical care facilities such as hospitals, health centres, and other health
agencies- both public and private;

(e) The technical manpower of various categories;

(f) Training facilities available; and

(g) Attitudes and beliefs of the population towards disease, its cure, and
prevention.

The analysis and interpretation of the above data bring out the health
problems, the health needs, and health demands of the population.
Planning cycle
2. Establishment of objectives and goals:

Objectives and goals are needed to guide efforts. Unless objectives are
established, there is likely to be haphazard activity, uneconomical use of
funds, and poor performance. Objectives must be established at all levels,
down to the smallest organizational unit. At upper levels, objectives are
general; at successively lower levels, they become more specified and
detailed. The objectives may be short-term or long-term. In setting these
objectives, time and resources are important factors. Objectives are not only
an action guide, but also a yardstick to measure work after it is done.
Planning cycle
3. Assessment of resources:

The term resources implies the manpower, money, materials, skills,


knowledge, and techniques needed or available for the implementation of
the health programmes. These resources are assessed, and a balance is
struck between what is required and what is available, or likely to be
available in terms of resources.
Planning cycle
4. Fixing priorities:

Once the problems, resources, and objectives have been determined,


the next most important step in planning is the establishment of priorities in
order of importance or magnitude, since the resources always fall short of
the total requirement. In fixing priorities, attention is paid to financial
constraints, mortality and morbidity data, diseases which can be prevented
at low cost, saving the lives of younger people in whom there has been
considerable social investment, and also political and community interests
and pressures.
Planning cycle
4. Fixing priorities:

Once priorities have been established, alternate plans for achieving


them are also formulated and assessed in order to determine whether they
are practicable and feasible. Alternate plans with greater effectiveness are
chosen.
Planning cycle
5. Write-up of formulated plan:

The next major step in the planning process is the preparation of the
detailed plan or plans. The plan must be complete in all respects for the
execution of a project. For each proposed health programme, the resources
(inputs) required are related to the results (outputs) expected. Each stage of
the plan is defined and costed, and the time needed to implement is
specified. The plan must contain working guidance to all those responsible
for execution. It must also contain a “built-in” system of evaluation. It will be
left to the central planning authority and the government to consider
modifications of the plan relating to the allocation of resources.
Planning cycle
6. Programming and implementation:

Once the health plan has been selected and approved by the policy
authorities, programming and implementation begin. Plan execution
depends upon the existence of an effective organization. The organizational
structure must incorporate well-defined procedures to be followed and
sufficient delegation of authority to and fixation of responsibility of different
workers for achieving the predetermined objectives during the period
prescribed. It is at the implementation stage that shortcomings often appear
in practice. Many well-considered plans have fallen because of delays in
critical supplies, inappropriate use of staff, and similar factors.
Planning cycle
6. Programming and implementation:

The main considerations at the implementation stage include:

(a) Definition of roles and tasks.

(b)The selection, training, motivation, and supervision of the manpower


involved.

(c) Organization and communication, and

(d)The efficiency of individual institutions such as hospitals or health


centres.
Planning cycle
6. Monitoring:

Monitoring is the day-to-day follow-up of activities during their


implementation to ensure that they are proceeding as planned and are on
schedule. It is a continuous process of observing, recording, and reporting
on the activities of the organization or project. Monitoring, thus, consists of
keeping track of the course of activities and identifying deviations and taking
corrective action if excessive deviations occur.
Planning cycle
6. Evaluation:

The purpose of evaluation is to assess the achievement of the stated


objectives of a programme, its adequacy, its efficiency, and its acceptance by
all parties involved. While monitoring is confined to day-to-day or ongoing
operations, evaluation is mostly concerned with the final outcome and with
factors associated with it. Good planning will have a built-in evaluation to
measure the performance and effectiveness, and for feedback to correct
deficiencies or fill up gaps discovered during implementation.
Planning cycle
6. Evaluation:

In the words of the WHO Expert Committee on National Health


Planning in Developing Countries, evaluation "measures the degree to which
objectives and targets are fulfilled and the quality of the results obtained. It
measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined
objectives. It measures how much output or cost-effectiveness is achieved. It
makes possible the reallocation of priorities and resources based on
changing health needs“.

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