APPLication of Derivatives
APPLication of Derivatives
Applications of Differentiation
Definition of Extrema
Figure 3.1
Theorem 3.1 The Extreme
Value Theorem
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] then f must have both an absolute maximum
and absolute minimum value in the interval.
Examples:
4 4 4
2 2 2
a b a b a b
-5 5 -5 5 -5 5
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] then f must have both an absolute maximum
and absolute minimum value in the interval.
Examples:
4 Absolute 4 4
Maximum
2 2 Abs Max 2 Abs Max
a b a b a b
-5 5 -5 5 -5 5
-2 -2 Abs Min-2
-4 -4 -4
Abs Min
Absolute
Minimum
Extreme values can be in the interior or the end points of
a function.
No Absolute
Maximum
2
y x
Absolute Minimum
D ,
No
Maximum
2
y x
No Minimum
D 0, 2
Definition of Relative Extrema
Local Extreme Values:
Figure 3.2
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)
Local maximum
Local minimum
Local minimum
Local extremes
Absolute minimum are also called
(also local minimum) relative extremes.
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)
Local maximum
Local minimum
Local minimum
Local extremes
Absolute minimum are also called
(also local minimum) relative extremes.
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)
Local maximum
Local minimum
Definition of a Critical Number
and Figure 3.4
Theorem 3.2 Relative Extrema
Occur Only at Critical Numbers
Note:
Maximum and minimum points in the interior of a function
always occur at critical points, but critical points are not
always maximum or minimum values.
Guidelines for Finding Extrema on a
Closed Interval
EXAMPLE 3 FINDING ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
f x x 2 / 3 on the interval 2,3 .
f x x 2/3
There are no values of x that will make
1
the first derivative equal to zero.
2
f x x 3
3 The first derivative is undefined at x=0,
so (0,0) is a critical point.
2
f x 3
3 x Because the function is defined over a
closed interval, we also must check the
endpoints.
f x x 2/3
D 2,3
f 1 1 f 1 1
Since 0<1, this must be at least a local minimum, and
possibly a global minimum.
2
At: x 2 f 2 2 1.5874
3
2
At: x 3 f 3 3 2.08008
3
f x x 2/3
D 2,3
2
At: x 3 f 3 3 2.08008
3
Critical points are not always extremes!
3
y x
f 0
(not an extreme)
1/ 3
y x
f is undefined.
(not an extreme)
Locate the extrema of the x3 5 x 2
function on [-5, 10] f ( x) 24 x
3 2
1. Find f’(x) = 0 f '( x) x 2 5 x 24
0 x 8 x 3
C.P.at x 8, 3
min
f ( x) x 3 5 x 2 9 x 45 Find the extrema on [-5, -2]
f '( x) 3 x 2 10 x 9
1. Find f’(x) = 0
0 3 x 2 10 x 9
x .407 and .737
min
• Find the extrema of f ( x) 2sin x cos x 2 x on the interval [0,2 ]
f ' ( x) 2cos x 2sin 2 x 0 2cos x 4cos x sin x 0 2cos x(1 2sin x) 0
1 3 7 11
cos x 0 or sin x So, x , , ,
2 2 2 6 6
f (0) 1
f ( ) 3 ----- MAXIMUM
2
7 3
f ( ) ----- MINIMUM
6 2
3
f ( ) 1
2
11 3
f( ) ----- MINIMUM
6 2
f (2 ) 1
2 x 2 8 x 6 3 x 0 Find the extrema of the
f ( x) 2
x 2x 6 0 x 3 function.
4 x 8 3 x 0
1. Find f’(x) = 0 f '( x)
2x 2 0 x 3
f '( 2) 0
f ' 1 0
min
Or you can set the equation equal to 0 and look for the
critical number!!!!!!