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APPLication of Derivatives

Chapter 3 discusses the applications of differentiation, focusing on the definitions and theorems related to extrema, including the Extreme Value Theorem which states that a continuous function on a closed interval must have both an absolute maximum and minimum. It also explains local extrema, critical numbers, and provides guidelines for finding extrema on closed intervals through examples. The chapter emphasizes that critical points may not always correspond to extreme values and outlines methods for identifying absolute and relative extrema.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views31 pages

APPLication of Derivatives

Chapter 3 discusses the applications of differentiation, focusing on the definitions and theorems related to extrema, including the Extreme Value Theorem which states that a continuous function on a closed interval must have both an absolute maximum and minimum. It also explains local extrema, critical numbers, and provides guidelines for finding extrema on closed intervals through examples. The chapter emphasizes that critical points may not always correspond to extreme values and outlines methods for identifying absolute and relative extrema.

Uploaded by

Rabia Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation
Definition of Extrema
Figure 3.1
Theorem 3.1 The Extreme
Value Theorem
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] then f must have both an absolute maximum
and absolute minimum value in the interval.

Examples:

4 4 4

2 2 2

a b a b a b
-5 5 -5 5 -5 5

-2 -2 -2

-4 -4 -4
Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] then f must have both an absolute maximum
and absolute minimum value in the interval.

Examples:

4 Absolute 4 4

Maximum
2 2 Abs Max 2 Abs Max

a b a b a b
-5 5 -5 5 -5 5

-2 -2 Abs Min-2

-4 -4 -4

Abs Min

Absolute
Minimum
Extreme values can be in the interior or the end points of
a function.

No Absolute
Maximum

2
y x
Absolute Minimum
D  ,  

No
Maximum

2
y x
No Minimum
D 0, 2 

Definition of Relative Extrema
Local Extreme Values:

A local maximum is the maximum value within some


open interval.

A local minimum is the minimum value within some open


interval.


Figure 3.2
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)

Local maximum
Local minimum

Local minimum
Local extremes
Absolute minimum are also called
(also local minimum) relative extremes.


Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)

Local maximum
Local minimum

Local minimum
Local extremes
Absolute minimum are also called
(also local minimum) relative extremes.


Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)

Local maximum

Local minimum

Notice that local extremes in the interior of the function


occur where f  is zero or f  is undefined.


Definition of a Critical Number
and Figure 3.4
Theorem 3.2 Relative Extrema
Occur Only at Critical Numbers

Note:
Maximum and minimum points in the interior of a function
always occur at critical points, but critical points are not
always maximum or minimum values.
Guidelines for Finding Extrema on a
Closed Interval
EXAMPLE 3 FINDING ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
f  x   x 2 / 3 on the interval   2,3 .

f  x  x 2/3
There are no values of x that will make
1
the first derivative equal to zero.
2 
f  x   x 3
3 The first derivative is undefined at x=0,
so (0,0) is a critical point.
2
f  x   3
3 x Because the function is defined over a
closed interval, we also must check the
endpoints.

f  x  x 2/3
D   2,3

At: x 0 f 0  0 To determine if this critical point is


actually a maximum or minimum, we
try points on either side, without
passing other critical points.

f  1 1 f 1 1
Since 0<1, this must be at least a local minimum, and
possibly a global minimum.
2
At: x  2 f  2   2  1.5874
3

2
At: x 3 f 3 3 2.08008
3


f  x  x 2/3
D   2,3

At: x 0 f 0  0 To determine if this critical point is


Absoluteor minimum, we
actually a maximum
try points on minimum:  
0, 0
either side, without
passing other critical points.
Absolute
f  1 1 f 1 1 maximum:  3, 2.08
Since 0<1, this must be at least a local minimum, and
possibly a global minimum.
2
At: x  2 f  2   2  1.5874
3

2
At: x 3 f 3 3 2.08008
3


Critical points are not always extremes!

3
y x

f  0
(not an extreme)


1/ 3
y x

f  is undefined.
(not an extreme)


Locate the extrema of the x3 5 x 2
function on [-5, 10] f ( x)    24 x
3 2
1. Find f’(x) = 0 f '( x)  x 2  5 x  24
0  x  8  x  3
C.P.at x 8,  3

2. Test the critical f ( 5) 15.833


points and the f ( 3) 40.5
endpoints in the f (8)  181.3
original function.
f (10)  156.7

3. Identify the Absolute max at (3, 40.5)


highest and lowest Absolute min at (8, -181.3)
points.
max

min
f ( x)  x 3  5 x 2  9 x  45 Find the extrema on [-5, -2]

f '( x) 3 x 2  10 x  9
1. Find f’(x) = 0
0 3 x 2  10 x  9
x  .407 and .737

2. Test the critical f(-5) = 0 We don’t use


points and the x = .737
endpoints in the f(-4.07) = 7.035 since it’s not
original function. f(.737) = -48.52 in the
interval.
f(-2) = -15
3. Identify the Absolute max (-4.07. 7.035)
highest and lowest
points. Absolute min (-2, -15)
max

min
• Find the extrema of f ( x) 2sin x  cos x 2 x on the interval [0,2 ]
f ' ( x) 2cos x  2sin 2 x 0  2cos x  4cos x sin x 0  2cos x(1  2sin x) 0
1  3 7 11
 cos x 0 or sin x  So, x  , , ,
2 2 2 6 6
f (0)  1

f ( ) 3 ----- MAXIMUM
2
7 3
f ( )  ----- MINIMUM
6 2
3
f ( )  1
2
11 3
f( )  ----- MINIMUM
6 2
f (2 )  1
 2 x 2  8 x  6  3  x 0 Find the extrema of the
f ( x)  2
 x  2x  6 0  x 3 function.

 4 x  8 3 x 0
1. Find f’(x) = 0 f '( x) 
 2x  2 0 x 3
f '( 2) 0
f ' 1 0

2. Test the critical


points and the f ( 3) 0 f ( 2) 2 f (0)  6
endpoints in the lim f (0)  6 f (1)  7 f (3)  3
x 0
original function.
3. Identify the Absolute max (-2, 2)
highest and lowest
points. Absolute min (1, -7)
max

min
Or you can set the equation equal to 0 and look for the
critical number!!!!!!

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