Welcome to

Sukkur IBA University


Web Graphics and Mobile app
Development
Introduction to ICT
Instructors:
 Sir Nisar Ahmed
Siddiqui
 Sir Azhar Durrani
 Sir Wajahat Ali Rajput
I don’t know about you!!!

• Name?
• Last School and City?
• Why Web Graphics?
• What are you expecting
from this course?

Now its time to introduce

yourself
About Course!

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Rules

 Respect to other’s opinion in class

 No cross-talk during class
 Use of mobile phones in class is strictly
prohibited without permission.
 If you have any question raise your
hand first and then ask question
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 Chapter 1:
Introduction to the World of
Computers
Overview
 This chapter covers:
 What computers are, how they work, and how they are used

 Computer terminology

 An overview of the history of computers

 The basic types of computers in use today

 Describing ICT Systems*

 An overview of networks and the Internet

 Societal impacts of computers

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Computers in Your Life
 Why learn about computers?
 Primarily by researchers and scientists
 Pervasive computing
 Also known as ubiquitous computing

 Embedding computational capability into everyday objects

 Computers have become an integral part of our lives

 Basic computer literacy

 Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill
today for everyone

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Computers in Your Life
 Before 1980
 Computers were large, expensive
 Very few people had access to them
 Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks
 Microcomputers in the early 80s
 Inxpensive personal computers
 Computer use increased dramatically
 Today
 More than 80% of US households include a computer, and most use computers at
work
 Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities

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Group Activity #1
 What variety of tasks computers used for?
 In the Homes? (Assigned to Group #1)
 In Education? (Assigned to Group #2)
 On the Jobs? (Assigned to Group #3)
 On the Go? (Assigned to Group #4)

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Computers in the Home
 Computers used for a variety of tasks:
 Looking up information and news
 Exchanging e-mail
 Shopping and paying bills
 Watching TV and videos
 Downloading music and movies
 Organizing digital photographs
 Playing games
 Telecommuting

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Computers in the Home
 Convergence
 The computer has become the central part of home entertainment
 Dual-mode mobile phones
 Wireless networking
 Computers can be used in nearly any location
 Smart appliances
 Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology
 Smart homes
 Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the
house

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Computers in the Home

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Computers in Education
 Many students today have access to computers either in a classroom
or a computer lab

 Colleges and universities are even more integrated

 Wireless hotspots allow usage of personal laptops to connect to the college
network
 Some colleges require a computer for enrollment

 Distance learning
 Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom
setting using computers and Internet access

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Computers in Education

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Computers on the Job
 Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for decision-
making, productivity, and communication
 Used by all types of employees
 Used for access control and other security measures
 Use by service professionals is growing
 Used extensively by the military
 Employees in all lines of work need to continually refresh their computer
skills

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Computers on the Job

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Computers on the Go
 Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life
 Consumer kiosks
 ATM transactions
 POS systems at retail stores
 Self-checkout systems
 Portable computers or mobile devices
 M-commerce systems
 GPS systems

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Computers on the Go

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What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?
 Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data,
performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as
needed
 Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks
the computer will perform

 Basic operations
 Input: Entering data into the computer
 Processing: Performing operations on the data
 Output: Presenting the results
 Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
 Communications: Sending or receiving data

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What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?

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Data vs. Information
 Data
 Raw, unorganized facts
 Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video

 Information
 Data that has been processed into a meaningful form

 Information processing
 Converting data into information

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History of Computer Generations

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Computers Then and Now
 The history of computers is often referred to in
terms of generations
 Each new generation is characterized by a
major technological development
 Precomputers and early computers (before
1946)
 Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator
 Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter

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Computers Then and Now
 First-generation computers (1946-1957)
 Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes
 Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a
lot of heat
 ENIAC and UNIVAC
 Second-generation computers (1958-1963)
 Used transistors
 Computers were smaller, more powerful,
cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more
reliable
 Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to
input and store data

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Computers Then and Now
 Third-generation computers (1964-1970)
 Used integrated circuits (ICs)
 Keyboards and monitors introduced
 Fourth-generation computers (1971-present)
 Use microprocessors
 IBM PC, Apple Macintosh
 Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers
 Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical
disks for storage
 Computer networks, wireless technologies,
Internet introduced

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Computers Then and Now
 Fifth-generation (now and the future)
 Infancy stage
 No precise classification
 May be based on artificial intelligence (AI)
 Likely use voice and touch input
 May be based on optical computers and utilize
nanotechnology

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Hardware
 Hardware: The physical parts of a computer
 Internal hardware
 Located inside the main box (system unit) of the
computer
 External hardware
 Located outside the system unit
 Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless
connection
 There is hardware associated with all five
computer operations

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Hardware

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Hardware
 Input devices
 Used to input data into the computer
 Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras,
microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch
screens, fingerprint readers, etc.
 Processing devices
 Perform calculations and control computer’s
operation
 Central processing unit (CPU) and memory
 Output devices
 Present results to the user
 Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.

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Hardware
 Storage devices
 Used to store data on or access data from
storage media
 Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash
drives, etc.
 Communications devices
 Allow users to communicate with others and to
electronically access remote information
 Modems, network adapters, etc.

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Hardware

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Software
 Software: The programs or instructions used to
tell the computer hardware what to do
 System software: Operating system starts up the
computer and controls its operation
 Without OS computer cannot function
 Boots the computer and launches programs at the
user’s direction
 Most use a GUI to interact with the user via
windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc.
 Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.

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Software

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Application Software
 Application software: Performs specific tasks or
applications
 Creating letters, budgets, etc.
 Managing inventory and customer databases
 Editing photographs
 Scheduling appointments
 Viewing Web pages
 Sending and receiving e-mail
 Recording / playing CDs/DVDs
 Designing homes
 Playing games

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Computer Users and
Professionals
 Computer users (end users): People who use a
computer to obtain information
 Computer professionals include:
 Programmers
 Systems analysts
 Computer operations personnel
 Security specialists

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Computers to Fit Every Need
 Six basic categories of computers:
 Embedded computers
 Mobile devices
 Personal computers
 Midrange servers
 Mainframe computers
 Supercomputers

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Embedded Computers
 Embedded computer: Embedded into a
product and designed to perform specific tasks
or functions for that product
 Cannot be used as general-purpose
computers
 Often embedded into:
 Household appliances
 Thermostats
 Sewing machines
 A/V equipment
 Cars

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Mobile Devices
 Mobile device: A very small device
with some type of built-in
computing or Internet capability
 Typically based on mobile phones
 Typically have small screens and
keyboards
 Examples:
 Smartphones
 Handheld gaming devices
 Portable digital media players

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Personal Computers (PCs)
 Personal computer: A small computer designed
to be used by one person at a time
 Also called a microcomputer
 Range in size from desktop computers to UMPC’s
 Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk
 Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one
 Can be PC-
compatible or
Macintosh
 Not designed to be
portable

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Portable Computers
 Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use
clamshell design
 Tablet computers: Can
be slate tablets or
convertible tablets
 Netbooks: Small
notebooks; rapidly
growing type of PC
 Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs):
Handheld computers

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Thin Clients and Internet
Appliances
 Thin client or network computer (NC): Device
designed to access a network for processing
and data storage
 Lower cost, increased security and easier
maintenance
 Limited or no local storage
 Not able to function as a computer if network is
down
 Internet appliance: Specialized network
computer designed for Internet access and/or
e-mail exchange
 Often set-top boxes
 Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles

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Thin Clients and Internet
Appliances

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Midrange Servers
 Midrange server: A medium-sized computer
used to host programs and data for a small
network
 Users connect via a network with a
computer, thin client, or dumb terminal
 May consist of a collection
of individual circuit boards
called blades
 Virtualization: Creating
virtual environments (often
used to share a server for
increased efficiency)

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Mainframe Computers
 Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used
by several large organizations to manage large
amounts of centralized data
 Standard choice for large organizations,
hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks,
government offices
 Located in climate-controlled data centers and
connected to the rest of the company computers
via a network
 Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than
midrange servers
 Usually operate 24 hours a day
 Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class
servers

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Mainframe Computers

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Supercomputers
 Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most
powerful type of computer
 Generally run one program at a time, as fast as
possible
 Commonly built by connecting hundreds of
smaller computers, supercomputing cluster
 Used for space exploration, missile guidance,
satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration,
scientific research, complex Web sites, decision
support systems, 3D applications, etc.

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Supercomputers

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 Group Activity #3
 List down the followings?
 Computer Hardware (Assigned to Group #1)
 Computer Software (Assigned to Group #2)
 Computer Users and Professionals (Assigned to Group #3)

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