10 Geography

TH

Resource and Development

 Resource
:
Everything available in our environment that
can be used to satisfy our needs, which is
technologically accessible, economically feasible
and culturally acceptable can be
termed as resource.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
RESOURCE

On the On the On the Basis

Basis of Basis of of
Origin Exhaustibili Ownership
ty

Bioti Abioti Individu Nation

c c al al

Renewab Non- Communi Internatio

le Renewa ty nal
ble
On the Basis of
Status of
Development

Potenti Develop Stoc Reser

al ed k ve
 Sustainable
Development
Sustainable economic development means
'development should take place without
damaging the environment, and development in
the present, should not compromise with the
needs of the future generations.
 Rio De Janeiro Summit, 1992 :-
 The first International Earth Summit was held in
Rio De Janeiro in June 1992.
 The summit addressed the problems of
environmental protection and socio- economic
development.
 Leaders of more than 100 countries signed the
Declaration on Global Climate Change and
Biological Diversity.
 They also adopted Global Forest
Principles and Agenda 21.
 Agenda
21:
It is a declaration signed at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in 1992 at Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. It aims
to combat environmental damage, poverty,
disease through global co- operation, etc. It also
aims that every local government should draw its
own local Agenda-21.
 Resource Planning
• Planning is the widely accepted
strategy for judicious use of resources.
• Resource planning is essential for
sustainable development in India
because some regions are rich in one
resources but are deficient in other
resources.
• There are some regions which can be
considered self sufficient in terms of
availability of resources and there are
some regions which have acute
shortage of vital resources. Example:-
Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.
 Resource Planning in
India :-
Complex process of resource planning in India is divided into three
stages, Example :-

• Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the

country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

• Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology,

skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development
plans

• Matching the resource development plans with overall national

development plans.

India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resources
planning right from the First Five Year Plan launched after Independence.
 Conservation of
Resources :-
• Resources are vital for any developmental activity. To
overcome the problems of irrational consumption and
over-utilisation of resources, resource conservation at
various levels is important.

• At international level, resource conservation was

advocated in 1968 at Club of Rome and in 1987, the
Brundtland Commission Report extensively
mentioned the necessity of resources.
GANDHIJI WAS VERY APT IN VOICING HIS
CONCERN ABOUT RESOURCE
CONSERVATION. HE PLACED THE GREEDY
AND SELFISH INDIVIDUALS AND
EXPLOITATIVE NATURE OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY AS THE ROOT CAUSE FOR
RESOURCE DEPLETION AT THE GLOBAL
LEVEL.

Mahatma Gandhi was against mass

production and wanted to replace it with
the production by the masses.
 Land Resources:-
Land is a very important natural resource. It is limited,
so, it needs to be used with careful planning.

Indian's geographical area comprise of

variety of relief features i.e. 43
percent plain land area for agriculture
and industries, 27 percent plateau
which source of mineral, fossil fuels
and forest and 30 per cent of
mountains.
 INDIA HAS VARIETY OF RELIEF FEATURES

● 43%- Plain, which

provide facilities for
agriculture and
industry.

● 30%- Mountains
which provide
perennial river
water and sites for
tourism and
ecological
aspects.

● 27%- Plateaus
which is source of
minerals, fossil
 Land Resources:-
• The geographical process in which a piece of land is
used for various economical purposes.

Forests :-
A Large area of land covered with trees.

Land not available for Cultivation :-

• Barren and waste land.
• Land put to non-agricultural uses i.e. buildings,
roads, Industries
 Land Resources:-
Uncultivated Other Land :-
• Permanent pastures and grazing land Land under
miscellaneous tree crops groves culturally waste land
(left uncultivated for more than year)
Fallow Lands:-
• Current fallow left without cultivation for one or less
than one agricultural year.
• Other than current fallow (left uncultivated for the
past 1-5 agricultural years)
Net Sown area :-
It is the total area sown with crops and orchards. It
represents and area in which total crops are grown
only once a year.
 MEASURES TO CONTROL LAND
DEGRADATION

Afforestation Stabilisation of
Planting of
and proper sand dunes by
shelterbelts
management growing
of plants.
of grazing. thorny bushes

Proper
Proper Control
discharge &
management of
disposal of
of waste lands mining
industrial
activities
effluents &
waste
 Soil
Soil:-Soil is a living system and supports different
types of living organisms.

Formation of soil:
It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few an in
depth relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate,
vegetation and other forms of life and time are
important factors in the formation of soil.
 Soil
Classification of Soil:-
• There are various types of soils found in India such
as
• Alluvial soil,
• Black soil,
• Red and Yellow soils,
• Laterite soil,
• Arid soil,
• Forest and Mountain soils.
 Alluvial Soil:
• Alluvial soil is the most widespread soil
in India, which has been deposited by
three important Himalayan river systems
i.e. the Indus, the Ganges and the
Brahmaputra.
• These soils contains adequate
proportion of potash, phosphoric acid
and lime.
• Consists various amount of sand, silt
and clay.
• According to age of divided into -
Khadar and Bhangar.
• Ideal for the growth of Sugarcane,
Paddy, Wheat and cereal and pulse crops
 Black Soil:
Black soil is also known as black cotton
soil or regur soil.
• The factors that are important for the
formation of black soil are climatic
condition along with parent rock material.
• It is found in the Deccan trap (Basalt)
region and is made up of lava flows.
• Rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium
carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
• Cover the plateaus of Maharashtra,
Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh.
 Red and Yellow soil:
It is red in colour due to diffusion of iron particles into
crystalline and metamorphic rocks in low rainfall areas
of the Deccan plateau (Eastern and Southern parts).

It is found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Southern

parts of Middle Ganga Plain and along the piedmont
zone of the Western Ghats.
 Laterite Soil:
• The word laterite has been derived
from the Latin word later which
means brick.

• Laterite soil develops in tropical and

sub-tropical climate with alternative
wet and dry season.

• It is found mostly in Western Ghats

region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some
parts of West Bengal and North-
East regions.
 Arid Soil:

• Range from red to brown in colour.

• Sandy in texture and saline in nature.
• Arid Soil is found in dry areas. In some
areas, common salt is obtained in this
soil due to evaporation of water.
• It can be useful for cultivation only with
suitable irrigation methods as in case of
Western Rajasthan.
 Forest
Soil:
Forest soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas
where sufficient rain forests are available. It is found
in lower parts of valleys particularly on
the river terraces.
 Soil Erosion:
Removal of the upper layer of soil from one place to another
by any natural agent or human activities is called
soil erosion.

Causes of Soil erosion :-

• Deforestation
• Over Grazing
• Construction and mining
• Natural forces like wind, Glacier, water Wrong way of
ploughing
• Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land
 TYPES OF SOIL EROSION

WIND EROSION

Wind blows loose soil off flat or

sloping land known as wind erosion.

SHEET EROSION

Water flowing down over a large area

causes the top soil to be washed
away.

GULLY EROSION

Running water cuts through the

clayey soils and makes deep
channels as gullies. This makes land
unfit for cultivation.
 Solutions of Soil erosion:
Ploughing along the contour lines
steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces
• Large fields can be divided into strips, Strips of grass
are grow between the crops
• Planting lines of trees to create shelter
• Afforestation controlled grazing
Suggest a few measures of controlling soil erosion.
Ans :-
➢ Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour
lines is known as contour Ploughing, which reduces the
flow of water. (hilly areas)
➢ Terrace farming: It restricts soil erosion in hilly
areas.
➢ Strip Cropping: Large fields can be divided into
strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the
crops.
➢ Shelter belts and planting thorny bushes: Planting
lines of trees reduce wind force and stream flow.
Planting of thorny bushes help stabilize sand dunes in
the desert areas.
 METHODS
CONTOUR STRIP
PLOUGHIN CROPPING
G
TERRACE FARMING SHELTERBELTS
 Definition Example
DIVISION Sub-division
Technology is available but resources Solar & wind
Potenti
are not used to a reasonable scale. energy
al
Status of Develope Currently being Coal,
Developmen d used. petroleum
Hydrogen
t Stoc Technology is not
from water
k available.
Used partially. Can be used
Reserve for meeting future
River
s requirements water
 Soil States Soil Deficient Crops Special
Texture Feature

Punjab,
ALLUVIAL Haryana, Sandy, loam Nitrogen, Sugarcane, Highly
Uttar Pradesh, to clay. Phosphorus Paddy, fertile
& organic Wheat,
Bihar, etc. matter Cereal, etc.
BLACK Gujarat, Clayey Humus, Cotton, Made up
Maharashtra, material Nitrogen, Citrus of lava
M.P., Potassium fruits, flow
Chattisgarh . tobacco,
etc.
RED & Odisha, Fine Phosphoric Cotton, Formed
YELLO
W Chattisgarh, grained, acid, pulses, under well
Southern of clay to organic millets, drained
the middle loam material, oilseeds, conditions
Ganga plain. humus. potato,
maize,
groundnut,
etc.
 Soil States Soil Texture Deficient Crops Special
Feature

Tamil Nadu,
LATERITE Andhra Reddish Plant Cashew The pebbly
Pradesh, Kerala, brown in Nutrients Nuts & Tea crust
colour due Plants formed
Madhya Pradesh, to the due to
etc. presence of alteration
iron oxide of wet and
dry
periods.
ARID Western Sandy in Humus & Barley, High salt
Rajasthan, texture & moisture. Wheat, &
Haryana, saline in Millets calcium
Punjab. nature. content.

FOREST Himalayas, Loamy & Potash, Spices, Acidic soil

Eastern Ghats silty in phosphorous teak,
& Terai valley sides & lime. apple.
regions and coarse
grained in
 Previous
years’
Questions
Que1 :- What are resources? What are its
characteristics?
Ans :- RESOURCES : Everything available in our
environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs if
it is,
➢ Technologically accessible
➢ Economically feasible
➢ Culturally acceptable, is termed as resource.
Que2 :- What are the processes ( stages) involved in
the resource planning?
Ans :-
➢ Identification and inventory of resources across the
regions of the country.
➢ This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and
quantitative estimation, and measurement of
resources.
➢ Evolving a planning structure with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional setup for
implementing resource development plans.
➢ Matching the resource development plans with
overall national development plans.
Que 3 :- What was Gandhi ji’s opinion about
conservation (or over exploitation) of resources?
Ans :-
➢ Gandhi ji said, ‘There is enough resources in India
for every body’s need and not for any body’s greed’.
➢ He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and
exploitative nature of modern technology as the root
cause for resource depletion at the global level.
➢ He was against mass production and wanted to
replace it with the production by the masses.
Que 4 :- What is the land utilization pattern in India?
Ans :-
➢ Total area of land in India is 3.28 million sq.km., but
only 93 % is available for use.
➢ The Net sown area in India is 45.5 % in 2014-15.
➢ The Forest share in the land use pattern is 23.3% in
2014-15.
➢ Area under non-agricultural use is 8.7 % in 2014-15.
➢ Permanent pastures and grazing land is 3.3 % only.
➢ Culturable Waste land is 4.0% in 2014-15.
➢ Fallow Land : The share of the current fallow land is
4.9 % in 2014-15.
➢ Fallow other than current fallow is 3.6 % 2014-15.
Que 5 :- What measures can be adopted for preventing
land degradation?
Ans :-
➢ Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny
bushes, preparation of shelterbelts for plants and
control over grazing of animals are some methods of
controlling land degradation in arid areas.
➢ Moisture conservation and weed control in
agricultural lands, regularization of grazing and proper
management of wasteland and control of mining
activities are the methods for semi arid areas.
➢ Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents
and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water
degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
Que 6 :- Differentiate between Bhangar and Khadar.
Ans :-
➢ The Bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker
nodules than the Khadar.
➢ Bhangar is older alluvium & is found away from
rivers and Khadar is new alluvium found closer to
the rivers.
➢ Bhangar is clayey and dark while Khadar is sandy
and light in colour.
➢ Bhangar is less fertile compared to Khadar.
➢ Khadar is renewed frequently in the flood plain.
Que7 :- What is meant by soil erosion? How is it
caused?
Ans :-
➢ Removal of soil from one place to another by some
natural agent is called soil erosion.
➢ It is the process of taking away or washing away of
soil cover by wind or water flow.
➢ Soil erosion is caused by deforestation, heavy rains
and running water, overgrazing, winds and slope of the
land.
Que8 :- Suggest a few measures of controlling soil
erosion.
Ans :-
➢ Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour
lines is known as contour Ploughing, which reduces the
flow of water. (hilly areas)
➢ Terrace farming: It restricts soil erosion in hilly
areas.
➢ Strip Cropping: Large fields can be divided into
strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the
crops.
➢ Shelter belts and planting thorny bushes: Planting
lines of trees reduce wind force and stream flow.
Planting of thorny bushes help stabilize sand dunes in
the desert areas.