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Data Representation

The document provides an introduction to various data representation techniques in statistics, including circle graphs, histograms, bar graphs, frequency polygons, and pictographs. It explains how each type of graph visually represents data and highlights their specific uses, such as showing trends over time or comparing components within classes. Additionally, it discusses the concept of ogives for estimating cumulative frequencies in data sets.

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Tehreem Tanveer
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3 views33 pages

Data Representation

The document provides an introduction to various data representation techniques in statistics, including circle graphs, histograms, bar graphs, frequency polygons, and pictographs. It explains how each type of graph visually represents data and highlights their specific uses, such as showing trends over time or comparing components within classes. Additionally, it discusses the concept of ogives for estimating cumulative frequencies in data sets.

Uploaded by

Tehreem Tanveer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS

SIR HASSNAIN
ALI
DATA REPRESENTATION
CIRCLE GRAPH (PIE CHART)
Displays data using a circle divided into
sectors. We use a circle graph (also called a
pie chart) to show how data represent
portions of one whole or one group. Notice
each sector is represented by %
SUBJECTS
HISTOGRAMS
In a histogram, a bar is centered above each
score (or class interval) so that the height of the
bar corresponds to the frequency and the width
extends to the real limits, so that adjacent bars
touch.

9
FREQUENCY BAR GRAPHS
 A bar graph is a chart that plots data using
rectangular bars or columns (called bins) that
represent the total amount of observations in
the data for that category
 A bar graph is just like a histogram except that
gaps or spaces are left between adjacent bars.
FREQUENCY BAR CHART
HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPH
FREQUENCY POLYGONS
In a polygon, a dot is centered above each score
so that the height of the dot corresponds to the
frequency. The dots are then connected by
straight lines. An additional line is drawn at each
end to bring the graph back to a zero frequency.
FREQUENCY POLYGON
BROKEN LINE GRAPH ∕ LINE CHART

 A graph showing data points joined by line


segments to show trends over time.

 Broken line graphs are one way to show


information. User of these graphs often
choose this method of representing changes
in data over time, such as changes in stock
market prices throughout a day or changes in
daily temperatures.
PICTOGRAPH
Use pictures and symbols to display data ,
each picture or symbol can represent more
than one object , A key tells what each picture
represents.
1 Tree = 5 Students Present
COMPONENT BAR GRAPH
SUBDIVIDED BAR CHART
In this diagram, first we make simple bars for each
class taking the total magnitude in that class and then
divide these simple bars into parts in the ratio of various
components. If we divides the bar with percentage of
total magnitude ,we can say that it’s a subdivided bar
chart ,if we make with respect to total magnitude so we
say its is a component bar chart. This type of diagram
shows the variation in different components within each
class as well as between different classes. A sub-divided
bar diagram is also known as a component bar chart or
stacked chart
Ogive Graph
Ogives are graphs that are used to estimate how
many numbers lie below or above a particular
value in data. To construct an Ogive , firstly, the
cumulative frequency of the variables is
calculated using a frequency table. It is done by
adding the frequencies of all the previous
variables in the given data set. The result or the
last number in the cumulative frequency table is
always equal to the total frequencies of the
variables. It is also known as cumulative
frequency curve.
Types of Ogives

Less than Ogive


Greater than Ogive
C.F

C.B
C.F

C.B
ANY QUESTION
THANK YOU

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