Pharmaceutics

Lab 6
 Enemas
• They are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions intended for
rectal injection.
• They should be freshly prepared.
• Types of enemas :
evacuation enemas
retention enemas
diagnosed enemas
• They may possess anthelmintic, nutritive, sedative or
stimulating properties
• They may contain radio-opaque substances for X-ray
examination of the lower bowel.
 Turpentine enema

: The label
External use red label
m.d.= modo dicto = as directed
u. = utendus = to be used.

For External Use Only

The Turpentine Enema
To be used as directed.
Shake The Bottle Well Before Use
Uses:
Anthelmintic for the thread worms.
Suspensions
 Mixture may contain insoluble diffusible and
indiffusible solids, so in this case it is called
suspension.

Suspension definition:
Coarse dispersion containing finally divided
insoluble materials suspended in liquid
medium.
 2) Mixture containing Insoluble
Indiffusible Solids
 These substances which are insoluble in water
and on shaking distribute but precipitate
rapidly. They are not remain evenly distributed
in the vehicle long enough to ensure a uniform
distribution in each dose.

These solids when present in a prescription

require a suspending agent
Role of the Suspending agent

The suspending agent increases the viscosity of the

liquid, so the solid on shaking remain evenly
distributed in the vehicle long enough to ensure a
uniform distribution in each dose.
Types of Suspending agents
1- Compound powder of Tragacanth:

℞
used as 2 % of the mixture

Tragacanth 15 g
Acacia 20 g
Starch 20 g
Sucrose 45 g
100 g
2- Powdered acacia:
used as 6-10 % of the mixture
Types of Suspending agents

℞
3- Mucilage Tragacanth: used as 1/4 of the mixture
Mix
Tragacanth 1.25 g Tragacanth
with alcohol
Alchol 2.5 g
Water to 100 g

2- Mucilage acacia: used as 1/4 of the mixture

℞
Mix Acacia
with water in
which 0.2 g
Acaica 40 g benzoic a acid
Water to 100 g is dissolved
Example of using Suspending agent

℞ Caco3 ( Insoluble and

Indiffusible)
Prepared chalk gr xxx
Tincture catechu min xx
Glycerin min xv
Water to F℥ss
Fiat: mist., Mitte v Need Suspending
agent:
Sig.: F℥ss b.d.s. Compound powder of
Tragacanth
Calculations:
Prepared chalk gr xxx = 30 * 0.06 = 1.8 g
Tincture Catechu min xx = 20 * 0.06 = 1.2 ml
Glycerin min xv = 15 * 0.06 = 0.9 ml
Water to F℥ ss = 0.5 * 30 = 15 ml

Mitte V = send 5 doses

Prepared chalk 1.8 * 5 = 9 g

Tincture Catechu 1.2 * 5 = 6 ml
Glycerin 0.9 * 5 = 4.5 ml
Water to 15 * 5 = 75 ml

Compound powder of Tragacanth (2%) = ( 2* 75) / 100 = 1.5 g

Procedure
9 g Prepared chalk
1.5 g compound powder of
Balance
tragacanth

0.000 g

Mix
throughly

Triturate Add
till a thin portion of
paste is water
 Transfer to a
measuring cylinder

Adjust volume Add glycerin and

With water tr. catechu
to 75 ml
Transfer to
a bottle
Label (WHITE)

Shake the bottle well

before use

The Mixture

One Tablespoonful
to be taken twice daily.
 Uses
For Diarrhea treatment

Use of each component

• Chalk: adsorbent for toxins.
• Tr. Catechu: astringent.
• Glycerin: increase the viscosity of the
mixture.
• Water: vehicle.
3) Mixture containing Insoluble Diffusible
Solids
 Diffusible solids are light, insoluble, easily
wettable & hence readily mix with water & on
shaking diffuse evenly through the liquid for a
short time sufficient to ensure even and
uniform distribution in each dose, also known
as Dispersible solids, the patient should shake
the bottle before use.

e.g. magnesium sulphate mixture (white

mixture; mist. alba):
3) Mixture containing Insoluble Diffusible

℞
Solids

Magnesium sulphate ʒi
Light magnesium carbonate ʒss
Peppermint water to F℥i
Fiat: mist. Alba. ., Mitte ii
Sig.: F℥i o.m.n.a.c.
3) Mixture containing Insoluble Diffusible
Solids
Calculations:

Magnesium sulphate ʒi = 1 * 4 = 4 g
Light magnesium carbonate ʒss = 0.5 * 4 = 2 g
Peppermint water F℥ i = 1* 30 = 30 ml

Mitte iii = send 3 doses

Magnesium sulphate 4 * 3 = 12 g
Light magnesium carbonate 2 * 3 = 6 g
Peppermint water 30 * 3 = 90 ml
Procedure
6 g light Magnesium Carbonate
12 g Magnesium sulphate
Balance

0.000 g
65 ml
Water

Stirring
 Transfer to the mortar
portion wise

Triturate till a
smooth paste is
formed

Magnesium
Sulphate Solution Transfer to a
measuring cylinder

Adjust volume
to 90 ml Peppermint
water
Transfer to
a bottle
Label (WHITE)

Shake The Bottle Well

Before Use

The White Mixture

One coffeecupful
to be taken every
morning and night
before meals.
 Uses
Laxative and antacid

Use of each component

• MgSO4 is laxative.
• MgCO3 is an antacid.
• Peppermint water is a vehicle, flavoring
agent and carminative.
 Lotions
Lotions are liquid preparations intended for
external application without friction.
Lotions usually contain
1. Antiseptic or germicidal substances
treatment of skin diseases
2. Substances that are cooling and sedative to
an irritated skin.
3. Also they may contain anesthetic and
protective agents.
• Lotions may be solutions, most of them are
either suspensions or emulsions.
• Need Auxiliary label
Examples of Lotions:
 Calamine lotion (Suspension type)
Rx
Calamine 8g 4g
Zinc oxide 8g 4g
Glycerin 6 ml 3 ml
Lime water to 100 ml 50 ml
Fiat : lotio, Mitte 50 ml.
Sig. : M.D.U
Calculation:
Factor = 50/100 = 1/2
 4 g ZnO
4 g Calamine Grind

Pestle
Balance
Balance

0.000 g

0.000 g

Triturate till
homogenous color
Levigate
Lime water till pourable Add 3 ml Glycerin till
a smooth paste
Pestle
 Adjust volume Transfer to
Measuring
To 50 ml with
cylinder
lime water

Shake The Bottle Well

Label Before Use
The Calamine Lotion
To be used as directed.
Soothing & protective
Use in case of skin
Comments and Roles of ingredients:
1- On
Calamine (ZnO + Fe2O3Ignition
) 98% ZnO (Astringent on skin)
(Pink Powder)

2- Zinc oxide is a white powder, insol. in H2O, sol in dil mineral

acid and in solutions of alkali hydroxide.

3- Lime water is colorless Ca(OH)2 solution; which is a weak

alkali, also astringent for skin.
 Liniments
They are oily or alcoholic liquids and
semisolids for external application, usually
applied with friction. May referred to as
embrocations because of the method of
application.

Classification of liniments:
1- Alcoholic solutions.
2- Oily solutions.
3- Emulsions and suspensions.
Examples of Liniments:
3- Emulsions and suspensions:
When Liniments contain insoluble materials or
mixture of immiscible liquids suspension or an
emulsion be formed to prevent rapid separation of the
ingredients.
In Case of emulsions or suspensions Liniments
Need auxiliary label
Shake the bottle well before use

31
 Liniment of Calamine
Rx
Calamine 3.3 g 1.65 g
Zinc oxide 3.3 g 1.65 g
Lanoline 40 g 20 g
Olive oil to 100 ml 50 ml
Fiat : linimentum, Mitte 50 ml.
Sig. : Infricandus p.a
Calculation:
Factor = 50/100 = 1/2
 1.65 g ZnOBalance
1.65 g Calamine
Grind

Pestle
Balance

0.000 g

0.000 g

Triturate till
homogenous color
Melt lanoline
with olive oil Levigate
on boiling Add the melted fatty
Pestle
water bath ingredients till a
smooth paste is
formed
 Adjust volume Transfer to
Measuring
With olive oil
cylinder

Shake The Bottle well

Label before use
The Calamine Liniment
(E.P)
To be rubbed in the
Soothing for skin
affected part.
Use inflammation and
 Difference between lotion & liniment

1)Lotions are liquid preparations meant for

external application without friction ,while
liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations
usually applied to the skin with friction and
rubbing of the skin.

2)Lotions are slightly less viscous than liniments.

3)Lotions are applied direct to the skin while a

liniment should not be applied to the broken skin
because it may cause excessive irritation.
 Reducing and
Enlarging formulas
When a formula specifies a total amount, we
may determine how much of each ingredient
is needed to obtain a desired total amount by
using a factor:

Required
Factor (F) =
Prescribed

then multiply the quantity of each ingredient

by the factor.
Example for enlarging formulas
R\
A= 10*120 ∕100 =
A 1O gm 12 gm
B 2 gm B= 2*120 ∕100 =
2.4 gm
C to 100 gm
Prepare 120 gm
Prescribed

Required
 Example for reducing formulas
R\
A= 10*150 ∕200 =
A 1O gm7.5 gm
B 2 gmB= 2*150 ∕200 =
1.5 gm
C to 200 gm Prescrib
ed
Prepare 150 gm.
Required
The Solution:

Using the factor (F= 240/1000 = 0.24), the

quantity of each ingredient is calculated as

℞
follows:

Calamine 80 x 0.24 = 19.2 g.

Zinc Oxide 80 x 0.24 = 19.2 g.
Glycerin 20 x 0.24 = 4.8 ml.
Bentonire Magma 250 x 0.24 = 60 ml.
Lime Water to make 1000 x 0.24 = 240 ml.
The Solution:

Using the factor (F= 24/100 = 0.24). quantity of

each ingredient is calculated as follows:

℞
Belladonna Extract 1.0 x 0.24 = 0.24 g.
Ephedrine Sulfate 1.6 x 0.24 = 0.384 g.
Phenobarbital 2.0 x 0.24= 0.48 g.
Aspirin 2.0 x 024 = 7.68 g.