Group 1

Research project

Chemistry
Uses and effects of metals and non-
metals
Periodic table
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Ci Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fi Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Impact of metals Importants of
Metals and alloys on living systems metals on living
and the systems and the
environment environment
04 05 06
Harmful effects of
Non metal and Non metal uses
metals on living
gases and effects
systems and the
environment
 01
Metals and
alloys
 Metals are pure elements
whose atoms have a small
number of valence
electrons, usually 1, 2 or 3
whereas Alloys are mixtures
of metals and are not
considered as pure elements.
 The purpose of making an alloy is to
improve the properties of the metals or
to modify their properties. For example:
Aluminum is often mixed with copper,
magnesium, manganese, silicon and
zinc to produce two different alloys
called duralumin and magnalium.
Alloys Duralumin is stronger than aluminum
and is as light as aluminum. It is used in
the construction of aircraft and to make
precision tools. Titanium is a steel which
is an alloy of iron. Titanium can
withstand very high temperatures, so it
is used to make spacecraft. Solder is a
metal alloy typically made up of tin and
Metals are used extensively because they are strong and
last a long time, shiny, malleable, ductile, have high
densities and can conduct heat and electricity. For
example, aluminum is a popularly used metal because it Metals
has a thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface. This layer
adheres to the metal and makes it very resistant to
corrosion, because of this aluminum is used to make
aluminum cans used as storage containers to store food
and drinks. Also, an aluminum alloy called Magnalium is
used in the construction of aircrafts and automobile parts
since it is stronger, harder and more resistant to corrosion
than aluminum. Lead is another popularly used metal. The
largest use of lead today is in lead acid batteries because it
is highly resistant to corrosion and conducts electricity. Iron
is the most widely used of all metals because of its high
abundance, low cost and high strength. However, since
pure iron is soft, it is hardened by alloying it with carbon to
form steel. Pure iron also
known as wrought iron is used to make furniture, lighting
fixtures, gates and railings.
 02
Impact of metals on living
systems and the
environment
Corrosion occurs when the surface of the metal gradually wears away
due to its reaction with
chemicals in the environment, mainly oxygen and moisture and it is
speeded up by the presence of certain pollutants. For example, if a
fresh piece of Aluminum is exposed to air, it immediately forms a layer
of Aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3. This layer adheres to the metal below,
does not peel off and is relatively unreactive. As a result, it protects the
Aluminum from further corrosion. It is because of this aluminum oxide
layer that aluminum appears less reactive than is predicted by its
position in the reactivity series. On exposure to oxygen and moisture in
the air iron and steel objects immediately begin to corrode to form
mainly hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe 2 O 3 .χH 2 O, which has an orange-
brown color. In order for iron to rust, both oxygen and water or moisture
must be present. It does not occur if only one is present.
 03
Importants of metals on
living systems and the
environment
Metals play a vital role in the functioning of living
organisms. Plants need certain metal ions for
healthy growth. Some of the ions required by
plants and animals are used to make
organometallic compounds for example,
chlorophyll and hemoglobin. Magnesium ions are
necessary for the formation of chlorophyllin
green plants. Chlorophyll gives green plants their
color and is essential for plants to manufacture
its own food through photosynthesis. A shortage
of magnesium causes leaves of plants to turn
yellow, a condition known as chlorosis. Iron ions
are necessary for the formation of hemoglobin in
animals. Hemoglobin is the red pigment found in
the red blood cells, it is essential to carry oxygen
around the body. A shortage of iron leads to a
reduction in the number of red blood cells in the
body, tiredness and a lack of energy, a condition
known as anemia.
 Calcium ions are necessary for the
production of calcium phosphate in
the body. Calcium phosphate is
needed to build strong teeth and
bones. Calcium ions are also
necessary for the blood to clot a cut.
A shortage of calcium leads to bones
and teeth becoming soft and weak. It
may also lead to rickets, a condition
in which the legs become bowed.
Zinc ions play an important part in
the functioning of the immune
system, in the healing of wounds, and
in cell and tissue growth and repair.
Sodium and potassium ions play an
 04
Harmful effects of metals
on living systems and the
environment
Most heavy metals cause
environmental and
atmospheric pollution,
and may be lethal to
humans. Heavy metals
can become strongly
toxic by mixing with
different environmental
elements, such as water,
soil, and air, and humans
and other living
organisms can be
exposed to them through
the food chain.
 Some of the same metals required by living
organisms to maintain their health become toxic to
the same living organisms when their levels become
too high. Other metal, not required by living
organisms , can also be toxic to them. Many of these
are in a group known as heavy metals , which
mainly includes the transition metals and some of the
metalloids. All of these metals occur naturally in ionic
compounds, however, their concentrations within the
environment are increasing due to pollution caused
by man's activities.
Disposal of solid waste containing heavy
metals poses a serious problem since these
metals should not be allowed to enter the
environment , this waste includes:
Lead - acid batteries from motor vehicles
Thermometers containing mercury from
hospital and laboratories
Compact fluorescent light bulbs and
other fluorescent bulbs containing mercury
vapour
Nickel- cadmium batteries
These items should not be disposed of in
landfill sites because of the possibility of This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

contaminating groundwater and nearby soil.

They should also not be incinerated because
of the possibility of releasing harmful gases
containing the metal ion into the air.
 Lead
Car fumes - lead is neurotoxic and can alter the normal activities of the central
nervous system. The element is a silent killer, it works its way through the body, often
over months or years.

Paint- Adults exposed to lead paint can suffer from high blood pressure, headaches,
dizziness, diminished motor skills, fatigue and memory loss. Even small levels of
exposure to lead paint harm adults

Arsenic -
Immediate symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning include vomiting, abdominal pain and
diarrhea. These are followed by numbness and tingling of the extremities, muscle
cramping and death, in extreme cases.

This Photo by Unknown Author is

licensed under CC BY-SA
 Mercury
Thermometer - The small slivery ball in a mercury thermometer can be dangerous
if the glass breaks and the mercury is not cleaned up properly. The mercury will
evaporate and can contaminate the surroundings air and become toxic to human
and wildlife

Fish - Mercury exposure can produce teratogenic, neurotoxic effects, and

reproductive toxicity. These effects can then cause harm to cells, tissues , proteins
and genes, and ultimately, the survival, growth and behavior of marine fish

Problem of disposal of solid metals.- this means that if you improperly dispose
or handle the metal, you’ll end up putting chemicals back into the
environment. Chemicals can seep into ground , drift to nearby water sources, and
become instantly damaging sources of pollution for humans
 05
Non metal
and gases
Non-metals are the elements which form
negative ions by accepting or gaining
electrons. Non-metals usually have 4, 5,
6 or 7 electrons in their outermost shell.

Characteristic properties of non-metals

are high ionization energies and high
electronegativity. Owing to these
properties, non-metals usually gain
electrons when react with other
compounds, forming covalent bonds.
 General properties of Non-metals.

Non-metals have high

01 of non-
The atoms 02 03
electronegativities. This
metals tend to be Non-metals have high means that the atoms of
smaller than those of electronegativities. non-metals have a strong
metals. Several of the This means that the tendency to hold on to the
other properties of atoms of non-metals electrons that already have.
non-metals result have a strong In contrast, metals rather
from their atomic tendency to attract easily give up one or more
sizes. more electrons than electrons to non-metals,
what they would metal therefore easily form
normally have. positively charged ions, and
metals readily conduct
electricity.
 Oxygen
For cells to engage in aerobic respiration, which enables the extraction of
energy from consumed nutrients, oxygen is required..
Mountaineers utilize compressed oxygen tanks at high altitudes to
compensate for the decreased oxygen pressure present there.
Certain anaerobic bacteria that are killed by sufficient exposure to the gas
can be sterilized using oxygen.
In missiles and rockets, liquid oxygen is frequently used as an oxidizing agent.
When combined with liquid hydrogen, this reaction generates the powerful
thrust required for takeoff.
Hydrocarbon compounds are broken down by heating and then degraded by
oxygen. With the help of this, combustion is produced, which typically
releases carbon dioxide and water but can also release the hydrocarbons
acetylene, propylene, and ethylene.
Sewage treatment and water purification facilities employ oxygen In objects
not connected to a source of electricity of their own, such as generators
and vehicles, oxygen gas is required to produce energy
Carbon dioxide
⃞ Plants convert carbon ⃞ It is used in carbonated
dioxide to oxygen during a beverages, soft drinks, and

⃞
process called beers to make them fizzy.
photosynthesis, using both Large quantities of solid carbon
carbon and oxygen to dioxide ( in the form of dry ice)

⃞
make carbohydrates. are used in large-scale

⃞
Carbon dioxide is also used refrigeration.

⃞
as a refrigerant. It is one of the parts of medical
It is used as a fire gases because it promotes

⃞ ⃞
extinguisher. exhalation.
It is used in promoting the The Carbon dioxide released by
growth of plants in baking powder or yeast that
greenhouses. makes cake batter rise is the
best example of the use of
carbon dioxide in everyday life.
 Ammonia
Ammonia is used extensively in several industries. It is used either
as a stabilizer, neutralizer or as a source of nitrogen to carry out
several functions. Ammonia is used in wastewater treatment,
leather, rubber, paper, food and beverage industries. It also is
used in cold storage, refrigeration systems and in the production
of pharmaceuticals. Ammonia is used in the printing as well as
cosmetics industries. It is also used in fermentation.

Ammonia is used mainly in Agricultural industries. About 90 %of all

ammonia produced is used in this field. Since ammonia acts as a
rich source of nitrogen and other elements, it is used in fertilizers
to basically sustain food production. It is also used in the
production of liquid fertilizer solutions consisting of compounds
like ammonium nitrate, salts, urea and others. And there’s more.
Ammonia is often used as an antifungal agent on certain fruits
and as preservatives.
06
Non metal uses
and effects
There are a small
number of elements in
the periodic table that
are non metals. Some
of these are carbon,
sulfur phosphorus,
chlorine nitrogen,
silicon. These non
metals along with their
compounds have
various uses and they
are as followed
Carbon and its compounds
Sodium
Sodium
Is a compound of carbon. it
hydrogencarbonate
Its is used as an
antacid and in dry
is usedcarbonate
in the manufactured
chemical fire
of glass. it is used as a water
extinguishers.
softer-hard water which
NaHCO3 is used as
consist of magnesium and
a rising agent in
calcium ions are precipitated
baking powder
by carbonate. It is also often
used in exfoliant, toothpaste,
bath oils and salts, bubble
baths, moisturizers and other
products.

This Photo by
Carbon and its compounds

Diamond Graphite
Is used extensively in Is used as lead in pencils,
jewelry. It can be used in the solid lubricants crucibles
tip of drills and to cut and foundry facing, polishes
engrave glass and other arc lamps batteries
diamonds. Also diamond brushes for electric motors
powder Is used as an and cores of nuclear
abrasive for polishing an reactors. Graphite can also
define grinding. The reason be used to make carbon
in why diamond is very fibers to strengthen
useful in industrial cutting plastics
and polishing tools is
because of all naturally
occurring materials,
diamonds boasts the highest
 Sulfur is commonly used to create sulfur dioxide and
sulfur acid, which is used in a number of different
industries it is used to harden rubber. E.g. car tires. It
is used in the manufacture of medicinal drugs and
ointments to treat fungal infections to make
fungicides to prevent fungal attack on crops and
garden plants and it is also used to make the heads
for matches
Sulfur and its compounds

Its used in the

Sulfur dioxide
A compound of Sulfur
productionacid of
sulfur used as a phosphate
food preservative in fertilizers. It is used
jams and fruit juices to manufacture
and also as a explosives, other
bleaching agent in acids, dyes, dyes,
the manufacturing wood,
of paper preservatives and it
is used in lead-acid
batteries
 Phosphorus is used t make the striking surface of
safety matches. It is used to make flares and fireworks
and the explosive. It’s used in the manufacture of
phosphoric acid and pesticides, the main function of
phosphorus however is the formation of bones and
teeth as it plays an important role in how the body
used carbohydrates and fats.
Phosphorus and its compounds

Phosphoric acid Phosphorus sulfide

Phosphorus is Used to make the head
used to manufacture of matches
phosphate fertilizers
e.g. ammonium
phosphate. It is used
as a rust remover. It
can also be found in
many household
cleaning products

This Photo by Unknown Author is

licensed under CC BY-SA
Chlorine and its compounds

Used to treat
chlorine
drinking water to Sodium chlorate
Used as a
destroy bacteria it is bleaching agent and
used to make solvents well as
and dry-cleaning fluids. disinfectants. It can
It can be used to make also be used to
pesticides. Its used to sterilize water. The
make compound releases
monochloroethene, free chlorine which
which is used to make is toxic to bacteria
pvc for pips etc. and
sodium chlorate and
calcium chlorate
Silicon is used in construction materials the making os
silicon chips used in electronic devises and silicon
implants for plastic and reconstructive surgery and
also to make silicon steel alloy in the steel industry
Silicon and its compounds

Silicon dioxide
A compound used in Metal silicates
jewelry the Used to make ceramic
manufacture of products such as
glass as it is the tiles, pottery
main ingredient of porcelain sewer
glass and also in pipes and building
cement. It can be bricks
used to be mixed
with cement and
aggregate to make
concrete

This Photo by Unknown

Harmful effects
 The concentration of these non metals in the
environment are increasing due to pollution.
Long term exposure of plastics to heat can cause
leaking of toxic chemicals on land and open air
chemicals can lead to release of toxic chemicals
causing public health hazards
Combustion of fossil furls especially coal
and heavy oils increases sulfur dioxide
which causes respiratory problems in
humans. It reduces the growth of plants
and dissolves in rainwater forming acid
solution known as acid rain
 Incomplete combustion of fossil gives
a rise in carbon monoxide which then
binds with hemoglobin much more
readily than oxygen causing a
reduction in the amount od oxygen
reaching body tissue this reduces
respiration and mental awareness
causing visual impairments, dizziness,
headaches, unconsciousness and
even death. Hydrogen sulfate also has
a similar reaction
 Combustion at high temperature of
motor engine vehicles and power
stations releases nitrogen and
oxygen into the air which reacts to
oxides of nitrogen which is highly
toxic. It causes respiration damage ,
low concentration, irritation to the
eyes and skin. It causes plants to
reduce in growth and plays a major
role in photochemical smog and
dissolves in acid rain
Combustion of fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the air that
contributes to greenhouse effect and global warming. Nearly
25% of carbon dioxide is absorbed into the ocean. This increases
acidity in water which damage wildlife. Chlorofluorocarbons used
in products break the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
allowing ultraviolet light to reach earths surface. Nitrate ions and
phosphate ions which are found in fertilizers and detergent
causing eutrophication when run off into waters pesticides and
herb icicles also used in agriculture pollutes the water, causing
eutrophication and killing wild life
A picture showing
greenhouse effect
Salisha Ali- contributed information concerning non metal and
gases along with designing and organizing the PowerPoint
presentation

Vishana Ramjass- gathered information for the topics Metals and

alloys, Impact of metals on living systems and the environment
and Importants of metals on living systems and the environment

Chelsea Narine- found researched based on the topic of Harmful

effects of metals on living systems and the environment

Adrianna Ramnarine- researched the topic of non metals and

gases uses and effects
 Thanks!
This presentation consist of
information gathered by group 1
based on metals and alloys,
importance, impact and harmful
effects of metals on the living
system and environment, non
metals and gases along with
there uses