CyborgRights

VisitingProfessorinCyberspaceLaw&Policy,UNSW andinComputerScience,ANU

RogerClarke,XamaxConsultancy,Canberra

IEEEInternationalSymposiumonTechnologyandSociety (ISTAS2010),UniversityofWollongong 79June2010

http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/CyRts{.html,.ppt}

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TheTopicArea

CyborgRights

Interventionswiththehumanbody Electricalandelectromechanicalinterventions (ratherthanbiological,neurological,cognitive,...) Voluntary,consensualorimposed Notspeculative,norevenfuturistic,butcontemporary Implicationsarecurrentandnearfuture Engineershaveimportantresponsibilities

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CyborgRights Agenda

ProgressReportonCyborgisation ModelandTerminology Rights Cases andTheirImplicationsforRights ResponsibilitiesoftheEngineeringProfession

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Single AboveTheKnee Amputee EarleConnorCA 12.08secondsfor100m (avge29kph) AMechanical Substitute

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From: http://www.paralympic.ca/english/athens2004/Athletes/CONNOR_EARLE.asp

Double BelowTheKnee Amputee OscarPistoriusZA 21.58secondsfor200m (avge33.36kph)

Improvementsneeded200508: 5%fortheQF 6.5%fortheSF 10%forOlympicGold

AMechanicalEnhancement?
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From: IEEE Spectrum, June 2005, p. 13 http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/jun05/0605nspo.html

AbovetheElbowAmputee PeterEberleAU
tellthemusclestocontract. Themuscleemitsmyoelectricalimpulses thataredetected bythearmsCPU, whichtellsthemotor inthehandtomove

Thenervesatthetopofthearm

AnElectroMechanicalProsthesis
Interfacedand/orIntegrated (OttoBockLtd&GmbH)
From: Keen gardener gets dynamic lifter The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 July 2005

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SteveMannsWearcam,Sousveillance,etc.

An External Sight-Enhancer recording, transmission, augmented display

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From: http://wearcam.org/

StelarcsPerformanceArt
Extensions to the Human Neural System

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From: http://www.stelarc.va.com.au/cards/copernicus.jpg

Various Retinal Implant Projects since the Late 1970s

Boston, UNSW et al., Tbingen, Tokyo

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Image from: http://www.bostonretinalimplant.org/project/prosthesis.xml

Cochlear Implants In Use Since 1978/83

Electricalpulsesstimulatetheauditorynerve, generatinganaccurateimpressionofsound An Australian innovation, with an inferior US device close behind

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Image from: http://www.BionicEar.org/

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NICTA'sNeuralInterfaces/ActiveImplantsProjects

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http://www.nicta.com.au/research/projects/implant_systems

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AttachmentsforFelons(andRemandees,and...)

Tattletales "...Butifwedoletyougo,youmustagreetocarry tattletaleswithyouatalltimes.Inquireofyour attorneyMr.Sharpifthatwillbeacceptable." "Whatthehellisatattletale?"JoeSchillingasked. "Atracingdevice,"Hawthornesaid."Itwillinformus whereeachofyouareatalltimes" PhilipK.Dick, 1963

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HumanAttachedChips

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AttachmentsforFelons(andRemandees,and...)

Tattletales "...Butifwedoletyougo,youmustagreetocarry tattletaleswithyouatalltimes.Inquireofyour attorneyMr.Sharpifthatwillbeacceptable." "Whatthehellisatattletale?"JoeSchillingasked. "Atracingdevice,"Hawthornesaid."Itwillinformus whereeachofyouareatalltimes" PhilipK.Dick, 1963 AnkleMonitors/ElectronicTaggingofHumans Firstofficiallysanctioneduse,inNewMexico,1983
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Continuous ChipMonitoring

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HumanAttachedChips

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Radiantasubstanceinjectedintotheshoulder, providingpositioning,informationJackVance,1954 TheRing'Asurgicallyimplantedelectronicmonitor thatcausedagonywhenaconvictstrayed...'Piers AnthonyandRobertMargroff,1968SkullBug Electronicdeviceimplantedinthecraniumatbirth,for monitoringandcontrolAlfredBester,1974

HumanImplantation

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Radiantasubstanceinjectedintotheshoulder, providingpositioning,informationJackVance,1954 TheRing'Asurgicallyimplantedelectronicmonitor thatcausedagonywhenaconvictstrayed...'Piers AnthonyandRobertMargroff,1968SkullBug Electronicdeviceimplantedinthecraniumatbirth,for monitoringandcontrolAlfredBester,1974 Resistancefromajournaleditorabouttheidea1992

HumanImplantation

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Radiantasubstanceinjectedintotheshoulder, providingpositioning,informationJackVance,1954 TheRing'Asurgicallyimplantedelectronicmonitor thatcausedagonywhenaconvictstrayed...'Piers AnthonyandRobertMargroff,1968SkullBug Electronicdeviceimplantedinthecraniumatbirth,for monitoringandcontrolAlfredBester,1974 Resistancefromajournaleditorabouttheidea1992 Firstchipimplantationinanimals1991

HumanImplantation

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VoluntaryChipImplants

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Firstvoluntary chipimplantation inahuman1998 Atfirst,Electromechanical Then,Neurological

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NotSoVoluntary ChipImplants

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Radiantasubstanceinjectedintotheshoulder, providingpositioning,informationJackVance,1954 TheRing'Asurgicallyimplantedelectronicmonitor thatcausedagonywhenaconvictstrayed...'Piers AnthonyandRobertMargroff,1968SkullBug Electronicdeviceimplantedinthecraniumatbirth,for monitoringandcontrolAlfredBester,1974 Resistancefromajournaleditorabouttheidea1992 Firstchipimplantationinanimals1991 Firstvoluntarychipimplantationinhumans1998 Firstimposedchipimplantationinhumans2000?2004?
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HumanImplantation

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SpeculativeExtensions
NewSensors Stelarcsmusclesstimulated byexternalforcessuchas localinternettraffic MagneticandElectricalfields Gravity Telepathy, ... NewEffectors Induction Telepathy,Telekinesis, ...
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SpeculativeExtensions
NewSensors Stelarcsmusclesstimulated byexternalforcessuchas localinternettraffic MagneticandElectricalfields Gravity Telepathy, ... NewEffectors Induction Telepathy,Telekinesis, ...
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Jackingin(Vinge,Gibson,...) Constructs/Partials/Dittos (Gibson,Bear,Egan,Brin,...) Uploading(Moravec) Transhumanism(Esfandiary) TheSingularity(Vinge)

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AFrameworktoEncompassAllofThese?

Walkingsticks,... Spectacles,Contactlenses, LaserEyeSurgery, Hearingaids, Stents,renaldialysis machines,ironlungs,... ArtificialLimbs Shoulder,hip,knee replacements Organtransplants Artificialorgans(pighearts) GeneTherapy(cysticfibrosis)

Skis,cricketbats,... Binoculars,telescopes, infraredglasses,... Decompressionchambers, divers'suits,spacesuits,... Teleoperationthrough RemotelyControlled Arms,Haptics(tele feedbacktotouch),... Elbowsforpitchers GeneScreeningforan embryo,forafoetus
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OriginsoftheTerm'Cyborg'

'Cybernetics'NorbertWiener1948

controlofhumandesignedprocessesthroughfeedbackandresponse

'CyberneticOrganism'contractedto'Cyborg' Clynes&Kline1960 anenhancedhumanbeingtosurviveinextraterrestrialenvironments

"theexogenouslyextendedorganizationalcomplex functioningasanintegratedhomeostaticsystemunconsciously" Ahumanwithwhommechanicaland/orelectronicpartshavebeen integrated...withfunctionalityextendedbeyondthatofanormal humanbeing,cf.'BionicImplants'fromtwoTVseries

OED:"anartificial,esp.electromechanical,devicethat replacespartofthebody;havingordinaryhuman capabilitiesincreased(asif)bytheaidofsuchdevices"

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ProposedDefinitions
PROSTHESIS(orProstheticn.): Anartefactthatprovidesthehumanbody withpreviouslymissingfunctionalityor overcomesdefectivefunctionality OTHOSIS(orOrthoticn.): Anartefactthatsupplements orextendsahuman'scapabilities
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ExternalProsthesis

SubCategories

Separatefromthehumanbodybutsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Spectacles,walkingsticks,crutches, renaldialysis,heartlungmachines

ExoProsthesis

Onanextremityofthehumanbodyandsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit

EndoProsthesis

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Internaltothehumanbodyandsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit

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ExternalProsthesis

SubCategories

Separatefromthehumanbodybutsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Spectacles,walkingsticks,crutches, renaldialysis,heartlungmachines

ExoProsthesis

Onanextremityofthehumanbodyandsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Contactlenses,conventional artificialhands,armsandlegs

EndoProsthesis

Internaltothehumanbodyandsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Artificialhips,knees,stents,pace makers,implants(cochlear,lenses)
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ExternalProsthesis

SubCategories

Separatefromthehumanbodybutsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Spectacles,walkingsticks,crutches, renaldialysis,heartlungmachines

ExternalOrthosis

Telescopes,microscopes,golfclubs,skis, snorkels,bodysuitsforknights,astronauts, deepseadivers,competitiveswimmers

ExoProsthesis

Onanextremityofthehumanbodyandsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Contactlenses,conventional artificialhands,armsandlegs Extrafingers,highlyarticulated joints,springsteellegs

ExoOrthosis

EndoProsthesis

Internaltothehumanbodyandsatisfactorilyinterfacedwithit
Artificialhips,knees,stents,pace makers,implants(cochlear,lenses)
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EndoOrthosis

Chipimplants(e.g.foriddisclosure, tracking,dooropening,painmanagement)
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AUsefulDefinitionfortheTerm'Cyborg'

Prosthete Ahumanwithaprosthesis Orthot Ahumanenhancedbymeansofanorthosis

Cyborg Thecollectivetermforprosthetesandorthots Ahumanwithaprosthesisand/oranorthosis

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AUsefulDefinitionfortheTerm'Cyborg'

Prosthete Ahumanwithaprosthesis Orthot Ahumanenhancedbymeansofanorthosis

Cyborg Collectivetermforprosthetesandorthots Ahumanwithaprosthesisand/oranorthosis Mann&Niedzviecki(2001):

"[Acyborgis]apersonwhosephysiological functioningisaidedbyordependentupona mechanicalorelectronicdevice"
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Prosthetisation/Orthotisation Theprocessofinstallingaprosthesis/orthosis Cyborgisation Theprocessofinstallingaprosthesisoranorthosis TheSubject'sPermission Voluntary subjectinitiated Consensual otherpartyinitiated Involuntary otherpartyimposed TheSubject'sKnowledge Overt knowntothesubject Covert notknowntothesubject
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CharacteristicsoftheProcess

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"Legal,social,ormoralfreedomstoactorrefrainfrom acting,orentitlementstobeacteduponornotacted upon".Protectionofaperson'srightsdependson:

Rights

lawssystemsofrules,enforcedthroughinstitutions theruleoflawaboveeveryoneandappliestoeveryone enforcementoftherelevantlaws

Categories:

ALibertyRightafreedomorpermissionfortherightholder AClaimRightentailsresponsibilities,duties,orobligations
onotherpartiesregardingtherightholder

Subjecttoadaptation,extension,reduction
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CaseStudies1and2

Spectacles,contactlenses,hearingaids 'QualityofLife'Prosthetics

Arighttohave? (Cananemergentrightbedetectedinhealthandwelfaresystems thatprovidethemonacostlessorheavilysubsidisedbasis?)

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CaseStudies1and2

Spectacles,contactlenses,hearingaids 'QualityofLife'Prosthetics

Arighttohave? (Cananemergentrightbedetectedinhealthandwelfaresystems thatprovidethemonacostlessorheavilysubsidisedbasis?)

Stents,pacemakers,renaldialysis,artificialhearts MatterofLifeandDeathProsthetics
Arighttohave?Howtodetermineallocationpriorities? Patriotism(returningsoldiers)andfinancialwealth? Arighttoremoveordisconnect?Evenifitmeansdeath?

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Prisoners asaconditionof'housearrest' Parolees asaparolecondition Remandees asabailcondition ExPrisoners guiltyofrecidivistcrimes guiltyofdetestedcrimes

CaseStudy4VirtualPrisons

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Prisoners asaconditionof'housearrest' Parolees asaparolecondition Remandees asabailcondition ExPrisoners guiltyofrecidivistcrimes guiltyofdetestedcrimes

CaseStudy4VirtualPrisons

Reducescoststothestateandhencetaxpayer Henceanincentivetoextendtheiruse
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Prisoners asaconditionof'housearrest' Parolees asaparolecondition Remandees asabailcondition ExPrisoners guiltyofrecidivistcrimes guiltyofdetestedcrimes

CaseStudy4VirtualPrisons

OtherInstitutionalised Dementiasufferers Comatosepatients Patientsmoregenerally

Reducescoststothestateandhencetaxpayer Henceanincentivetoextendtheiruse
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Prisoners asaconditionof'housearrest' Parolees asaparolecondition Remandees asabailcondition ExPrisoners guiltyofrecidivistcrimes guiltyofdetestedcrimes

CaseStudy4VirtualPrisons

OtherInstitutionalised Dementiasufferers Comatosepatients Patientsmoregenerally Arightnottohave?

Reducescoststothestateandhencetaxpayer Henceanincentivetoextendtheiruse
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Case5HandicappedSports/'TheDiffabled'

Thehandicappedareprotectedbycompetingagainst otherswithsimilardisabilities/levelsofdisability

Rights?

forprosthetestobeprotectedfromtheablebodied?

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AustralianKurtFearnleywonhis4thstraight NewYorkMarathoninNovember2009 Fearnley'stimeofc.1hr30minsisc.30%fasterthan thewinningrunner,whotakesc.2hours10minutes

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http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/MrvJ9GxkSAo/ING+New+York+Marathon /sykD9GT-lGB/Kurt+Fearnley

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Case5HandicappedSports/'TheDiffabled'

Thehandicappedareprotectedbycompetingagainst otherswithsimilardisabilities/levelsofdisability Wheelchairracersgofasterthanrunners Sotheablebodiedareprotectedfromtheorthots Rights?

forprosthetestobeprotectedfromtheablebodied? fortheablebodiedtobeprotectedfromorthots? fororthotstocompeteagainsttheablebodied? forprosthetestocompeteagainsttheablebodied? fortheablebodiedtocompeteagainstorthots?

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Case6AthleteEnhancement,Athletes'Rights

PerformanceEnhancingDrugs (headachetablets,coughmedicines, painkillers,Ventilin,...) DrugTestingRegimes DenialoftheRighttoCompete PerformanceEnhancingProcedures (altitudetraining,blooddoping) PerformanceRecoveryProcedures (painkillers,hyperbaricchambers) RecreationalDrugs

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Case6AthleteEnhancement,Athletes'Rights

PerformanceEnhancingDrugs (headachetablets,coughmedicines, painkillers,Ventilin,...) DrugTestingRegimes DenialoftheRighttoCompete PerformanceEnhancingProcedures (altitudetraining,blooddoping) PerformanceRecoveryProcedures (painkillers,hyperbaricchambers) RecreationalDrugs

Rights? Nointerferencewithout demonstrationof adequatejustification? consumption preferences? healthtreatment? declarationof currentlocation? declarationof locationsinadvance?

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Case9TechnoSupremacism/TriumphoftheOrthot

WellEstablishedBehaviours

Actsofviolencewithlittleriskoflegalretribution
Bysoldiers,mercenaries/PMCs

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Case9TechnoSupremacism/TriumphoftheOrthot

WellEstablishedBehaviours

Actsofviolencewithlittleriskoflegalretribution
Bysoldiers,mercenaries/PMCs

Useofexternalorthosestoneutralise theenemyanditsmateriel(weapons) Useofexoorthosestoavoidharm(protectivesuits)

Alsobylawenforcementagencies,securitystaff

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Case9TechnoSupremacism/TriumphoftheOrthot

WellEstablishedBehaviours

Actsofviolencewithlittleriskoflegalretribution
Bysoldiers,mercenaries/PMCs

Useofexternalorthosestoneutralise theenemyanditsmateriel(weapons) Useofexoorthosestoavoidharm(protectivesuits)

Alsobylawenforcementagencies,securitystaff

Rights?

Forpeopleexposedtodangerstohaveorthoses thatsafeguardthemagainstthosedangers? Fororthotstousetheirenhancements (atleastinparticularcircumstances)?

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LikelyDevelopmentPaths ofRealHumanArtefactHybridisation
ResearchSponsorshipby

SportsIndustries TheAgingRich TheoldAerospace MilitaryComplex nowrebornasthe HomelandSecurity GravyTrain

EarlyApplicationsto

SportsPerformance IndividualWellbeing andSurvival Security (Butwhose?)

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ARegulatoryFrameworkforCyborgRights?

ARobotEthicsmovementsince1942Asimov'sLaws IEEECodeofEthics(2006)"[amemberofIEEEcommits]

andlit;anIEEETechnicalCommitteeonRoboethicssince2004. But,70yearsafterproblemdefinition,noconcreteoutcomes toacceptresponsibilityinmakingdecisionsconsistentwiththesafety, healthandwelfareofthepublic,andtodisclosepromptlyfactorsthat mightendangerthepublicortheenvironment" Vague,nonoperational,unenforceable...

'TheCyborgsAmongUs'identifiedprosthetisationas oneofmany'futureshocks'(Toffler1970,pp.193199) But40yearslaternoregulatoryframeworkexists Andvirtuallynofoundationshavebeenlaid

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TheResponsibilitiesoftheEngineeringProfession

DrivePublicAwareness InformDiscussion StimulateDiscussion UpgradeCodesofPractice TightenCodesofPractice un/acceptablebehavioursreparticularkindsofartefact TightenMembershipRules: nomembershipbyindividualsinbreachofCodes, oremployedbycorporationsthatareinbreach nomembershipby,andstigmatisationof,corporations thatbreachtheCodes,orrequireemployeestobreachthem
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