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Chap5-3 - Sediment Transport

This document discusses sediment transport in channels. It summarizes that the cross-section and slope of a stable channel are controlled by discharge, sediment grain size/shape/density, and sediment quantity. Regime theories only account for discharge and sediment. Sediment load is classified as suspended load, carried in the fluid, or bed load, which moves near the bed. Sediment discharge rate is expressed using hydraulic and sediment properties to predict changes. Suspended sediment concentration decreases with distance above the bed. Bed load moves along the bed by rolling, sliding or jumping. The Meyer-Peter-Muller equation and Einstein's bed load function relate sediment transport to flow intensity and grain size.

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Darya Memon
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375 views19 pages

Chap5-3 - Sediment Transport

This document discusses sediment transport in channels. It summarizes that the cross-section and slope of a stable channel are controlled by discharge, sediment grain size/shape/density, and sediment quantity. Regime theories only account for discharge and sediment. Sediment load is classified as suspended load, carried in the fluid, or bed load, which moves near the bed. Sediment discharge rate is expressed using hydraulic and sediment properties to predict changes. Suspended sediment concentration decreases with distance above the bed. Bed load moves along the bed by rolling, sliding or jumping. The Meyer-Peter-Muller equation and Einstein's bed load function relate sediment transport to flow intensity and grain size.

Uploaded by

Darya Memon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sediment Transport

The x-section and slope of true regime channel are controlled


by following three variables independent of channel:

Discharge in the channel;

Nature of sediments entering the channel, i.e. the grain


size distribution, shape of the grains and their specific
gravity; and

Quantity of the sediments entering the channel.


Regime theories account for only first two variables.
The third variable is very important and affects the slope
to very large extent and also the x-section.
Classification of Sediment
1. Suspended Load:
It is carried in the fluid away from the bed.
2. Bed Load:
It moves on or near the bed.
Total load = Suspended load + Bed load
Sediment Discharge
It is rate of transportation of sediment by a channel.
Expression in terms of hydraulic parameters and sediment
properties.
To predict amount of degradation, agradation or bank
erosion.
Suspended Load
It is the sediment that is lifted off the bed of a channel and
carried up into the body of flow by the vertical components of
the turbulence velocities due to eddies.
Concentration of sediment decreases with distance up from the
bed.
Gravity pulls down and eddies pushes up .
The steady state distribution of concentration of suspended
load is obtained by
*
where
ku
w
k
w
z
a D
a
y
y D
C
C
w o
z
a

1
]
1


C = sediment concentration at distance y up from bed.
C
a
= known concentration at some reference level i.e. height
a above the bed.
D = depth of water in the channel
w = settling or fall velocity of sediment grains in the channel
k = Von-karmans universal constant = 0.4
d = average grain size of suspended load
k
s
= average grain size of bed load
water of density
' / ' city shear velo
*


w
w o
S gR S R u



k
n
d
n
n
n
R R
S R
s
'
w o
24
and
24
, where
stress shear bed
6 1 6 1
'
'
'

,
_


Bed Load
Moves along bottom of the channel either by rolling, sliding
or jumping in small leaps.
Transmits its load to static grains below.
Grains exchange places with similar particles.
Not vertically supported but rest on bed.
Meyer-Peter-Muller Equation
Dimensionless equation for any system of units.
where
Q
s
/Q = actual discharge/estimated discharge assuming walls to
be frictionless 1 for wide channels.
n/n = ratio between the value of Mannings coefficient as it
would be obtained on a plain bed to the actual value on ripple
bed.

w
= specific weight of water
= specific weight of sediment particle
S = Slope of channel
D = depth of water
d = grain diameter
g = acceleration due to gravity
g

s
= Volume of sediment transport (by weight) per unit width
of channel per hour.
( ) ( )
3 2
'
3 1
2 3
'
25 . 0 047 . 0
s
w
w w
s
g
g
d SD
n
n
Q
Q

,
_

,
_



Meyer-Peter-Muller equation can also be written as
where,
b
= bed shear = (Q
s
/Q) x shear stress
= (Q
s
/Q) x
w
R S
=
w
D S
Since, for wide channels R = D and Q
s
/Q 1
where, k
s
= effective grain diameter in mm

c
= critical tractive force in kg/m
2

= minimum tractive force at which grains start moving.

kg/m/hr 4700
2 3
'

'

,
_

c b s
n
n
g
24
6 1
'
s
k
n
( )
stress effective of measure is
047 . 0
'

,
_


n
n
d
b
w c


Einsteins Bed Load Function

Based on law of probability

Involves number of experimental coefficients and assumptions.

Universal relationship,

Bed load transport = f(flow intensity, sediment size)

According to Einstein, the probability p for motion of a sediment particle


is:
where,
i
B
= fraction of bed load g
s
of diameter d
i
b
= fraction of grains of diameter d in the bed
g
s
= bed load discharge per unit width of channel

w
= mass density of water
= density of sediment
d = grain size or diameter
= density of fluid
* *
vs.
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_


2 1
3
2 1
*
1
gd
g
i
i
w
s
b
B

1
* *
* *
* *
* *
2
1
1
1
B
B
t
A
A
dt e p
ly respective 2 and 0.143 43.5, 1 and , , Where
* * *
B A
For uniform soils
(i)i
B
= i
b
(ii)
*
=
(iii)
where, = shear intensity of particle
relationship for uniform bed material
Graph,
*
=
*
S R
d
'
*

,
_

391 . 0
465 . 0
1

e
Example # 1
A wide channel 4 m deep consists of uniform grain of 0.4 mm.
The fall velocity of grains in still water is 0.04 m/sec.
Determine the concentration of load at 1.0 m above the bed if
the concentration of sediment particles at 0.4 m above the
bed is 400 ppm. Take specific gravity of particles as 2.67, L-
slope as 1 in 4444 and representative roughness of size of bed
k
s
= 2.0 mm.
Data:
D = 4 m, d = 0.4 mm, w = 0.04 m/sec, a =
0.4 m
C
a
= 400 ppmy = 1.0 m, G = 2.67, S = 1/4444,
k
s
= 2.0 mm, C = ?
Solution:

*
where
ku
w
k
w
z
a D
a
y
y D
C
C
w o
z
a

1
]
1


C
a
= 400 ppm = 400/10
6
= 400 x 10
-6

w
kg/m
3

= 400 x 10
-6
x 10
3
= 400 x 10
-3
kg/m
3

For 1 m width C
a
= 400 x 10
-3
kg/m
3
/m or 400 x 10
-3
kg/m
2

Shear velocity u
*
= (
o
/
w
) = (
w
RS/
w
) = (gRS), but R =
R(n/n)
3/2

For wide channel, R D = 4.0 m
R = R(n/n)
3/2
= D(n/n)
3/2
= 4.0(0.765)
3/2
=2.675 m
u
*
= (gRS) = (9.81 x 2.675 x1 /4444) = 0.0768 m/sec
765 . 0
2
4 . 0
24
24
6 1
6 1
6 1
6 1 '

,
_

,
_


s s
k
d
k
d
n
n
3 . 1
0768 . 0 4 . 0
04 . 0
*


ku
w
z
ppm. 95.9 /m kg/m 0959 . 0
4 . 0 4
4 . 0
1
1 4
10 400
2
3 . 1
3

1
]
1


1
]
1


z
a
a D
a
y
y D
C C
Example # 2
In the above problem, determine the quantity of bed load
moved by the channel applying (a) Meyer-Peter-Muller
equation, and (b) Einsteins method.
Solution:
(a) Meyer-Peter-Muller equation

b
=
w
D S = 10
3
x 4 x 1/4444 = 0.9 kg/m
2

Now, substituting values in the above equation, we get
kg/m/hr 4700
2 3
2 3
'

'

,
_

c b s
n
n
g
( ) ( ) ( ) d G d G d
w w w w c
1 047 . 0 047 . 0 047 . 0
( )
2 3 3
kg/m 0314 . 0 10 4 . 0 10 67 . 1 047 . 0

c

( ) { } kg/m/hr 2026 0314 . 0 765 . 0 9 . 0 4700


2 / 3
2 3
'

s
g
(b) Einsteins equation
For uniform soils
From Einsteins curve
For
*
= = 1.11 and
*
= =7
From
We get
( ) ( ) 11 . 1
4444 / 1 675 . 2
10 4 . 0
67 . 1 1
3
' ' '
*

,
_

,
_

S R
d
G
S R
d G
S R
d
w
w w
w
w s



1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

2 1
3
2 1
1
gd
g
g
s

( )
3 3
2 1
3
2 1
1 gd G G gd
G
G gd g
w w g s

,
_



,
_



( ) kg/m/hr 7 . 2178 3600 10 4 . 0 81 . 9 67 . 1 10 67 . 2 7
3
3 3


s
g
Example # 3
Design an irrigation channel carrying a full supply discharge of 28
cumec with a bed load concentration of 40 ppm. The average grain
diameter of the bed material may be taken as 0.4 mm and its
specific gravity as 2.67. Apply Laceys regime perimeter and Meyer-
Peter-Muller equation.
Given Data:
Q = 28 cumec, Bed load concentration = 40 ppm,
G = 2.67, d = 0.4 mm.
Required:
B = ? D = ? S = ?
Solution:
Quantity of bed load transported = 40 ppm = 40/10
6

= 40/10
6
x 28 m
3
/sec x 10
3
kg/m
3

= 1.12 kg/sec = 1.12 x 3600 kg/hr =
4032 kg/hr
Applying Laceys P-Q relationship, P = 4.75 Q = 4.7528 = 25.13 m
Assuming channel bed width, B = 20 m
Rate of bed load transport per unit width, g
s
= 4032/20 = 201.6
kg/m/hr

According to Meyer-Peter-Muller equation
where
n = d
1/6
/ 24
Where d is effective diameter since the material is not uniform and
the average grain diameter is given as 0.4 mm, let us take
effective grain diameter as 0.5 mm.
n = d
1/6
/ 24 = (0.5 x 10
-3
)
1/6
/ 24 = 0.0117
Since the discharge in the channel is > 12 cumec and the channel
may be taken in good shape and smoother soil, we can take the
value of n as 0.02.
[Note: If Q < 12 cumec, n = 0.0225 and if Q > 12 cumec, n = 0.02]
Now, critical tractive force


b
= (Q/Q
s
)
c
= 1 x
w
D S =
w
D S = 10
3
D S [Q/Q
s
= 1 for wide
channels]
(1) - - - - - - kg/m/hr 4700
2 3
2 3
'

'

,
_

c b s
n
n
g
( ) ( ) ( ) d G d G d
w w w w c
1 047 . 0 047 . 0 047 . 0
2 3 3
kg/m 028 . 0 ) 10 4 . 0 ( 10 67 . 1 047 . 0

c

Substitution of values in equation (1) yields:


201.6 = 4700[10
3
RS(0.585)
3/2
-0.028]
3/2
RS = 337 x 10
-6
---------- (2)
Applying Mannings equations
R = A/P, A = P R = 25.13 R
Substituting in (3)
R = 1.167 m
S = 337 x 10
-6
/1.167 = 1 / 3470
2 1 3 2
1
S AR
n
Q
( ) 3 - - - - - - - 022 . 0
. 13 . 25
02 . 0
1
28
2 1 3 5
2 1 3 2


S R
S R R
( )
R
-6
10 337
S , 2 From

022 . 0
10 337
2 1
6
3 2

,
_



R
R
Taking side slope, (H):1(V)
RESULTS:
Bed width of channel = 20 m
Depth of channel = 1.3 m
Slope of channel bed = 1 / 3470
m 3 . 1
0 34 . 23 4 . 17 5 . 0
5 . 0 20 6 . 2 34 . 23
236 . 2 20
5 . 0 20
167 . 1
236 . 2 20 5
5 . 0 20 5 . 0
2
2
2
2 2

+
+ +
+
+

+ +
+ +
D
D D
D D D
D
D D
P
A
R
D D B P
D D D BD A

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