Scribd
Upload
211 views

Osmoregulation

This document provides an overview of osmoregulation and excretion in organisms. It discusses the basics of osmoregulation and different types of organisms' ability to regulate their internal environment. It then surveys the osmotic challenges faced by different organisms and the energy costs associated with active transport mechanisms. Various nitrogenous waste excretion strategies are also covered. The document goes on to discuss the evolution of different excretory systems across taxa as well as adaptations of mammalian, bird, fish, and amphibian kidney structures. It concludes by reviewing homeostatic regulation of the kidney and disorders that can occur.

Uploaded by

Mich Castillo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
211 views

Osmoregulation

This document provides an overview of osmoregulation and excretion in organisms. It discusses the basics of osmoregulation and different types of organisms' ability to regulate their internal environment. It then surveys the osmotic challenges faced by different organisms and the energy costs associated with active transport mechanisms. Various nitrogenous waste excretion strategies are also covered. The document goes on to discuss the evolution of different excretory systems across taxa as well as adaptations of mammalian, bird, fish, and amphibian kidney structures. It concludes by reviewing homeostatic regulation of the kidney and disorders that can occur.

Uploaded by

Mich Castillo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn

Osmoregulation: The Basics


Osmoconformers Isoosmotic with surroundings Osmoregulators- Control internal environment independently from environment Stenohaline Animals that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity Euryhaline Animals that can survive large fluctuation in external osmolarity.

Osmotic Challenges: A Survey

QuickTime and a decompressor are neede d to see this picture.

Osmoregulation: Energy Cost and Other Mechanisms


Energy is required for active transport and diffusion of solutes and water Transport epithelia is responsible for filtration and reabsorption

Nitrogenous Waste
Ammonia Urea Uric acid Evolution of each mode

Excretion: The Basics


How excretory systems maintain homeostasis. Bodily Fluids -> Filtrate -> Urine

Evolution of Excretory Systems: Protonephridia


Organisms Flatworms(acoelomates) Rotifers Some annelids Mollusc larvae Lancelets Functions Metabolic waste excretion Osmoregulation Disposal of nitrogenous waste Mechanisms Tubule network Flame bulbs

Evolution of Excretory Systems: Metanephridia


Organisms Most annelids Functions Metabolic waste excretion Osmoregulation Mechanisms Ciliated funnel Collecting tubule Transport epithelium

Evolution of Excretory Systems: Malpighian Tubules


Organisms Insects and other terrestrial arthropods Functions Nitrogenous waste disposal Osmoregulation Mechanism transport epithelium

Evolution of Excrtory Systems: Kidneys


Organisms
Vertebrates and some other chordates

Functions
Osmoregulation Metabolic waste excretion

Mechanism:
Highly organized tubules Ducts

Structure Of The Mammalian Excretory System


Kidneys: renal cortex, renal medulla, nephron Renal veins and arteries supply blood Urine: Kidneys -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra

Adaptations and Evolution of the Mammalian Kidney


Gram-negative bacteria Hagfish and segmented kidneys

Pathway of Filtrate

From Blood Filtrate to Urine


proximal tubule descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle distal tube collecting duct

Solute Gradients

Kidney Adaptations: Mammals


The juxtamedullary nephron functions for water conservation Long loops of Henle

Kidney Adaptations: Birds and other Reptiles


Birds
Juxtamedullary nephrons Shorter loops of Henle Uric acid

Reptiles
Cortical nephrons Transport epithelium in cloacas Uric acid.

Kidney Adaptations: Freshwater Fish and Amphibians


Freshwater Fish
Many nephrons Transport epithelium for salt retention

Amphibians
Water vs. land adaptations

Kidney Adapations: Marine Bony Fish


Small nephrons with no distal tube Small or no glomeruli Divalent ions flushed out with kidneys, proximal tubules of nephrons Monovalent ions flushed out with gills

Contribution of Hormones to the Mammalian Excretory System


antidiuretic hormones (ADH) hypothalamus and pituitary( osmoregulator cells in hypothalamus detects rising osmolarity of blood and produces the hormone. Hormone is stored in the pituitary gland) distal tubes and collection ducts (aquaphorons) (the ADH binds to aquaphorons in kidney to change the water pemeability of transport epithelial)

Renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS)


juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), afferent arteriol ( the afferent arteriol moitors blood volume/ artetiol tension and instructs the JGA which is close by to make angiotensin II) adrenal gland (makes aldosterone) aldosterone, angiotensin II

Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney


The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Disorders of the Kidney


Diabetes insipidus Affects of alcohol Gout

References
1. "Gout: What You Should Know." American Family Physician 76.6 (2007): 811-12. Science Full Text Select. H. W. Wilson. Wilson Web Science. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/. Miller, Karen J., Eugene P. Kennedy, and Vernon N. Reinhold. "Osmotic adaptation by gram-negative bacteria: possible role for periplasmic oligosaccharides." Science 231 (Jan 3, 1986): 48(4). Student Resource Center - Bronze. Gale. PIEDMONT HIGH SCHOOL. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS Campbell, Neil A. Biology. Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.

2.

3. .

Borrowed Photo Credits


1.
2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-UrinarySystem.html http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/ http://www.agen.ufl.edu/%7Echyn/age2062/OnLineBiology/OL BB/www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookgl ossM.html http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/kidney-anatomy.html http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v63/n4/images/4493564f4.gif http://home.bway.net/rjnoonan/humans_in_space/nephron.gif Campbell, Neil A. Biology. Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.

You might also like