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Lecture 4 ESM214 05

This document provides an overview of wastewater treatment concepts including: 1) It discusses onsite wastewater treatment systems like septic tanks and leach fields, as well as centralized wastewater treatment plants. 2) It introduces various reactor configurations used in wastewater treatment like batch, continuous stirred-tank, plug flow, and packed bed reactors. 3) It explains how to perform a mass balance analysis to model the behavior of different reactor types and derive equations to describe processes like substrate decay over time.

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yvsathe14
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65 views

Lecture 4 ESM214 05

This document provides an overview of wastewater treatment concepts including: 1) It discusses onsite wastewater treatment systems like septic tanks and leach fields, as well as centralized wastewater treatment plants. 2) It introduces various reactor configurations used in wastewater treatment like batch, continuous stirred-tank, plug flow, and packed bed reactors. 3) It explains how to perform a mass balance analysis to model the behavior of different reactor types and derive equations to describe processes like substrate decay over time.

Uploaded by

yvsathe14
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESM 214

Lecture 4: Wastewater Treatment


Overview, Reactors

W05
T. Holden
Onsite Wastewater Treatment
25% of US population relies on it
On site treatment typically (95%) is by
septic system and associated leachfield
Regulations and design are somewhat
standardized, but public health authority
(county) regulates and manages.
Septic system schematic
Septic system schematic
Septic Tank
1000 gal typ.
Concrete
Gravity in/out typ.
dosing alternative
Leach (absorption) field
tank 10 ft from house
field 100 ft from well or pond
Leach field cross section
4 inch diameter drain pipe typ.
4 6 ft deep trench typ.
2 ft. wide trench
2 3 ft. gravel depth
Good leach field performance
Bad leach field performance
Shallow clay
lense.
Factors effecting failure of the
septic system

bad soil
Clogging (biofouling)
High water table
Roots
Physical damage

Percolation in leach field design
Consult your local authority for the real facts !!
Example:
Measure percolation, pick application rate from table,
choose allowed flow rate calculate area (sf)
Centralized wastewater treatment
Required where:
Population density is too high to support onsite
treatment
Soils are unsuitable for onsite treatment
Consists of:
Collection and conveyance system
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP, WWTP)
owned by community or sewerage agency
(a.k.a. treatment district)
Regulation
Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) protects
waters of the state
CWA administered by most states; in CA it
is the SWRCB
NPDES (national pollutant discharge
elimination system) necessitates a permit to
discharge to surface water (river, ocean,
etc.)
Regulatory Linkages
WWTPs in the US
Total ca. 16,000 in 1997
Degree of treatment (as of 1997)
1 (primary) 176
2 (secondary) 9388
Better than secondary 4428
No discharge (land application) 2032
Process flow diagram
Schematic of waste treatment train
Shows unit processes and their linkages
Can provide extended information
Vessel size
Target operating conditions, etc.

Process flow diagram (ex.)
El Estero WWTP Schematic
WWT System Concepts
Unit Processes = Unit Operations:
treatment methods that employ Physical,
Chemical or Biological processes
Materials Balance = Mass Balance: basis
for analyzing unit processes; accounts for
mass in and out, as well as reactions
Reactors: vessels or tanks where unit
processes are carried out.
Reactors

a) Batch
b) CMR; CFSTR; CFR
c) Plug flow (open)
d) Plug flow (closed)
e) CMRs in series
f) Packed bed (down flow)
g) Packed bed (up flow)
h) Fluidized packed bed
Batch Reactors
Closed: no inflow and no outflow
Constant volume, V
Well-mixed

CFSTRs
Complete, instantaneous mix
Concentration, C, inside is same as effluent
Continuous flow in and out
Constant volume (so Q
0
= Q)
Infinite series approaches plug flow
Plug Flow
Continuous flow in and out
Concentration changes progressively along
the flow direction
Well-mixed contents perpendicular to flow
No longitudinal mixing (ideal)
Under idealized conditions, all particles
reside for same amount of time in reactor
Abbreviations
L = length (generically, L)
V = volume (L
3
)
M = mass (m)
C = concentration (m/ L
3
)
t = time
At = increment of time
Q = volumetric flow rate (L
3
/t)
Mass Balance Analysis Steps
Choose mass of interest (e.g. water or BOD
5
or
bacteria or solids)
Draw system; label inflows and outflows
Define control volume (CV)
Write verbal expression
Substitute words with mathematical phrases
Check units
Recognize and state assumptions
Rearrange and solve
Mass Balance: Batch example
CV
Verbal: In Out + Reaction = Accumulation
Math: 0 0 rV At AC V
Units: m/l
3
-t

l
3
t m/l
3
l
3
Rearrange: r V = AC/At V
Mass Balance: Batch example
Take limits as AC and At 0

r =
dt
dC
Substitute a rate equation for r
e.g. 1
st
order decay of C: -kC

So, -kC =
dt
dC
} }
=
t
0
C
C
t k
C
dC
t
0
Rearrange, integrate:
kt C ln
C
C
t
0
=
kt
C
0
C
t
e

=
kt
C
0
C
t
e

=



Mass Balance: Batch
example of exponential decay
C
0
= 100 mg/L, k =-0.2/hr
Concentration versus time
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time, hours
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
/
L
)
Comments on Rate Expressions
Note assumptions for units of r (e.g. m/t or m/V-
t or m/V-#-t)
Choose rate expression carefully (Table 4-6 M&E)
Recognize that rate expression is part of overall
mass balance
Dont know order or rate equation? Analyze
concentration versus time data (Fig. 4-21):
Linear C vs t is 0-order
Linear log C vs t is 1
st
order
Linear 1/C vs t is 2
nd
order

Mass Balance: CFSTR
CV
Verbal: In Out + Reaction = Accumulation
Math: QC
0
At - QC At + r V At = AC V
Units: l
3
/t m/l
3
t m/l
3
t t l
3
m/l
3
l
3
Rearrange: Q/V (C
0
C) + r = AC/At
Mass Balance: CFSTR
Take limits as AC and At 0


dt
dC
Substitute a rate equation for r
e.g. 1
st
order decay of C: -kC
Make steady state (SS) assumption
(no net accumulation or depletion:
Rearrange (see pg 270 M&E)
0
dt
dC
=
Q/V (C
0
C) + r =
| | ) Q / V ( k 1
C
0
C
+
=
Eqn. 4-102 M&E
CFSTR example: aeration basin
A few words more about
CFSTRs
SS solution typical
Key is that concentration inside = effluent
concentration (instantaneous mixing)
Include terms for all streams cut by CV
(e.g. recycle if present)
When mass balance is applied to biological
system, kinetics are more complex
CFSTRs in series
( ) | | nQ / kV 1
n
C
0
C
n
+
=
M&E 4-107
n = number of reactors and C
n
is the concentration
exiting the n
th
reactor.

V = total volume of all the reactors in series
Mass Balance: Plug Flow
(Fig. 4-5)
Mass balance: Plug Flow
Verbal: In Out + Reaction = Accumulation
Math: QC
x
At QC
x+Ax
At + r V At = AC V
Units: l
3
/t m/l
3
t m/l
3
t t l
3
m/l
3
l
3
Rearrange: [Q/(A Ax )](C
x
C
x+Ax
) + r = AC/At
Substitute V = AAx
Divide by AAx and by At
Take limits as At and Ax 0
r
c
x
C
A
Q
t
C
+
c
c
=
c
c
Mass Balance: Plug Flow
Make SS assumption
Substitute a 1
st
order rate expression
e
Q
kV
C
0
C

=
Eq. 4-116 M&E
Plug Flow Reactor Examples:
Chlorine Contact & Aeration Basins
Reactor Applications (examples)
Batch: SBRs (fill & draw), chemical (e.g.
polymer) dilution
CFSTR with recycle: aeration basins for activated
sludge
CFSTRs w/o recycle: aerobic digestion, lagoons
Plug flow: chlorine contact basins
Plug flow with recycle: activated sludge
Packed bed: trickling filters; effluent filtration
Upflow packed bed: air stripping
Flow regimes in WWT
(4-27 M&E)
Reactor combinations
(4-28 M&E)
Mass Balance:Packed Bed
Reactors
Model using plug flow approach
Reaction rate for gas-liquid m.t.:
r = K
L
a(C
s
-C
l
)
where K
L
a = mass transfer coeff.
C
s
= gas phase C
C
l
= liquid phase C
Table 4-9 M&E (reactors for mt operations)
NOTE: mt operations occur in all types of reactors

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