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Quarks: Done By: Yang Zhenyan

Quarks are elementary particles that combine to form composite particles like protons and neutrons. There are six types of quarks that make up all normal matter - up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. Quarks are never observed in isolation due to a phenomenon called color confinement, and can only be found within baryons made of three quarks or mesons made of one quark and one antiquark. Experiments using particle accelerators have discovered the six types of quarks and their properties like mass and electric charge.

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178 views

Quarks: Done By: Yang Zhenyan

Quarks are elementary particles that combine to form composite particles like protons and neutrons. There are six types of quarks that make up all normal matter - up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. Quarks are never observed in isolation due to a phenomenon called color confinement, and can only be found within baryons made of three quarks or mesons made of one quark and one antiquark. Experiments using particle accelerators have discovered the six types of quarks and their properties like mass and electric charge.

Uploaded by

zhenyanyzy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quarks

Done by: Yang Zhenyan

Introduction
Quarks are elementary particles and the fundamental constituent of matter. They combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never directly observed or found in isolation; they can only be found within baryons or mesons.
Much of what is known about quarks has been drawn

from observations of the hadrons themselves.

Quarks, Hadrons and all that Generations


Increasing mass

I
Charge = -1/3
Charge = +2/3

II

III

d
(down)

s
(strange)

b
(bottom)

u
(up)

c
(charm)

t
(top)

Also, each quark has a corresponding antiquark. The antiquarks have opposite charge to the quarks

The 6 Quarks, when & where


Quark up, down strange charm bottom top Date 1947 1974 1977 1995 Where SLAC/ BNL Fermilab Fermilab Mass [GeV/c2] ~0.005, ~0.010 ~0.2 ~1.5 ~4.5 ~175 Comment Constituents of hadrons, most prominently, proton and neutrons. discovered in cosmic rays Discovered simultaneously in both pp and e+e- collisions. Discovered in collisions of protons on nuclei Discovered in pp collisions

Proton mass = 0.938

[GeV/c2]

SLAC = Stanford Linear Accelerator BNL = Brookhaven National Lab

How do we know any of this?


Recall that high energy particles provide a way to probe, or see matter at the very smallest sizes.

Today, high energy accelerators produce energetic beams which allow us to probe matter at its most fundamental level.
As we go to higher energy particle collisions: 1) Wavelength probe is smaller see finer detail 2) Can produce more massive objects, via E=mc2

Major High Energy Physics Labs (accelerators + detectors)


Fermilab DESY

SLAC CERN KEK

CESR BNL

Fermilab Accelerator (30 miles from Chicago)


Experimental areas Tevatron

Top Quark discovered here at FNAL in 1995.

1.25 miles Main Injector

Typical Particle Detector

~ 6 ft

Back to matter & quarks

Fundamental particles
We consider quarks to be fundamental, because so far we have been unable to break them apart. As we increase the momentum of particles in our accelerators, we are able to resolve, or see, deeper into matter. We are currently able to accelerate particles to energies of ~1 [TeV] = 1x1012 [eV].

To what wavelength does this correspond?

19 [J] 12 [eV]1.6x10 1.6x10 7 [J] First convert [eV] to [J] !!!! 1x10 1 [eV]

l =hc/E = (6.6x10-34)(3x108) / 1.6x10-7 = 1.2x10-18[m] So, if quarks were bigger than this, we would be able to discern their substructure. So far, they look to be smaller than this ! That is they are at least 1000 times smaller than the proton ! Same is true for electron quarks (and electrons) are considered fundamental

Quark masses
6 different kinds of quarks.
Mass [GeV/c2]
1000

Gold atom
top
100

Matter is composed mainly of up quarks and down quarks bound in the nuclei of atoms. The masses vary dramatically (from ~0.005 to 175 [GeV/c2])

Silver atom
10

bottom

Proton
1

charm

0.1

strange

The heavier quarks are not stable, and decay to lighter quarks quite rapidly
Example: t b bc cs su

0.01

down up

0.001

(~10-23 [s]) (~10-12 [s]) (~10-12 [s]) (~10-7-10-10 [s])

Anti-particles too !
We also know that every particle has a corresponding antiparticle!

That is, there are also 6 anti-quarks, they have opposite charge to the quarks.
So, the full slate of quarks are: Q= +2/3 Q= -1/3 Q= -2/3 Q= +1/3

Particle

u , c, t d , s, b u , c, t d , s, b

Quarks

AntiParticle

Anti-Quarks

Quark Confinement
Hadron Jail

q
Proton

Quarks are confined inside objects known as hadrons. This is a result of the strong force which will be mentioned later.

Protons & Neutrons


To make a proton: We bind 2 up quarks of Q = +2/3 and 1 down quark of Q = -1/3. The total charge is 2/3 + 2/3 + (-1/3) = +1 !

To make a neutron: We bind 2 down quarks of Q= 1/3 with 1 up quark of Q = +2/3 to get: (-1/3) + (-1/3) + (2/3) = 0 ! So, it all works out ! But, yes, we have FRACTIONALLY CHARGED PARTICLES!

Why does the nucleus stay together ?


So far, the only fundamental forces we know about are: (a) Gravity (b) EM force (Electricity + Magnetism) Which one of these is responsible for binding protons to protons and protons to neutrons ??? Since like sign charges repel, it cant be EM force? Gravity is way, way, way too weak Then what is it???

Strong Force
This is the third fundamental force in nature and is by far the strongest of the four forces. More on forces later

HADRONS/BARYONS
The forces which hold the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus are VERY strong. They interact via the STRONG FORCE.

Protons and neutrons are among a class of particles called hadrons (Greek for strong). Hadrons interact very strongly with other hadrons!
Baryons are hadrons which contain 3 quarks (no anti-quarks). Anti-baryons are hadrons which contain 3 anti-quarks (no quarks).

Are there baryons other than protons and neutrons?


The answer is YES ! Other quarks can combine to form other baryons. For example:

u s d

This combination is called a Lambda baryon, or L0 for short What is the charge of this object?)
Flavor Q/e

u u u

This combination is called a Delta baryon, or D++ for short Whats this ones charge?

u d

+2/3 -1/3

-1/3

Lets make baryons!


Quark Charge Q Mass u up +2/3 ~5 [MeV/c2] u u u d Proton
Q = +1 M=938 MeV/c2

down -1/3 ~10 [MeV/c2] d d d u d d

strange -1/3 ~200 [MeV/c2] s s s

Neutron
Q=0 M=940 MeV/c2

Note: The neutron differs from a proton only by d u quark replacement!

Lets make some more baryons Quark up down strange !


Charge, Q +2/3 -1/3 -1/3

Mass

~5 [MeV/c2]
u u u d u

~10 [MeV/c2]
d d

~200 [MeV/c2]
s d s d
Sigma (S)

u s

Lambda (L)
Q=0 M=1116 MeV/c2
Lifetime~2.6x10-10[s]

Sigma (S+) Q = +1 M=1189 MeV/c2


Lifetime~0.8x10-10[s]

Q = -1 M=1197 MeV/c2
Lifetime~1.5x10-10[s]

These particles have been observed, they really exist, but decay fairly rapidly.

Mesons
Mesons are also in the hadron family. They are formed when a quark and an anti-quark bind together.

Whats the charge of this particle? Q=+1, and its called a M~140 [MeV/c2] Lifetime~2.6x10-8 [s] p+

Whats the charge of this particle? Q= 0, this strange meson is called a K0 M~500 [MeV/c2] Lifetime~0.8x10-10 [s]

Whats the charge of this particle? Q= -1, and this charm meson is called a DM~1870 [MeV/c2] Lifetime~1x10-12 [s]

Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
http://www.particleadventure.org/quarks.ht

ml http://www.hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/quark.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/ 486323/quark http://www.physics.about.com/od/glossary/g/ quark.htm

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