CE 715 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB

Presented by
Abhisha devi.C.M(11CE01F) Tessy Abraham(11CE29F)

Experiment:1 Verification of Sampling Theorem and Implementation of TDM

 Receiver implementation

TDM transmitter output

Experiment:2 Hardware implementation of QPSK modulator and Demodulator

Circuit Diagrams

O/P

Output waveform

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Experiment:3
Spectrum Analyser.

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Frequency synthesizer characterisation using SA

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setting for the SA: Centre Frequency Span RBW Attenuation

: : : :

818 MHz 10 MHz 100 kHz 40 dB

Observations
LO level measured at SA, Psa_LO @818 MHz = -40.63 dBm Actual LO output power, Plo = Psa_LO + Lcable = -40.63dBm + 10.36dB = -30.27dBm

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setting for SA: Centre Frequency Span Input Attenuation RBW

: : : :

818 MHz 300 kHz 20 dB (or auto) 10 kHz (or auto)

Observations
Phase noise at 100 kHz offset = -85.27dBc/Hz Phase noise at 50 kHz offset = -84.28dBc/Hz Phase noise at 10 kHz offset = -80.10 dBc/Hz

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Mixer characterisation using SA

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Settings for SA: Centre Frequency Span RBW Attenuation

: : : :

818 MHz 10 MHz 100 kHz 30 dB (or auto)

LO level measured at SA, Psa_LO @818 MHz = -35.8dBm Actual LO output power, Plo = Psa_LO + Loutput_path = -35.8 dBm + 10.36 dB = -25.44 dBm

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Conversion loss measurement

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 observations
Output RF power measured at SA @868 MHz, Pout_sa_RF = -42.45 dBm Output LO power measured at SA @818 MHz, Pout_sa_LO = -35.8 dBm Output IF power measured at SA @50 MHz, Pout_sa_IF = -26.1 dBm Input RF power from the SG, Psig_gen = 15dBm Actual RF input power into the mixer, Pin_RF = Psig_gen Linput_path @868 MHz = 15 dBm 10.36 dB = --25.36 dBm RF output power measured at the SA, Pout_sa_RF = -42.45dBm Actual RF output power from the mixer, Pout_RF = Pout_sa_RF + Loutput_path @868 MHz = -42.45+10.36 dB = -32.09dBm

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Actual IF output power from the mixer, Pout_IF = Pout_sa_IF +Loutput_path @50 MHz=-26.09dBm Actual LO output power, Pout_LO = Pout_sa_LO + Loutput_path @818 MHz = -35.8 dBm + 10.36 dB = -25.44dBm Conversion loss = Actual input RF power (dBm) Actual output IF power (dBm) = Pin_RF Pout_IF = -25.36dBm +26.09 dBm = 0.73 dB RF-to-IF isolation = Actual input RF power (dBm) Actual output RF power (dBm) = Pin_RF Pout_RF = -25.36 dBm +30.3 dBm =4.94dB

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Power amplifier characterisation using SA

Basic equipment setup

RF Input

Up converter
Frequency synthesizer
USB port

Power
amplifier LO In

RF Out USB cable

Transmitter unit

PC/
Notebook l

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Settings for the signal generator (SG): CW Frequency : 868 MHz Power : 25 dBm Settings for the SA: Centre Frequency Span Input Attenuation RBW Averaging

: : : : :

868 MHz 10 MHz 10 dB (or auto) 100 kHz (or auto) On

 Observations
Peak fundamental Frequency = 868 MHz Output power level, Pout_sa_PA = -30.6 dBm Gain at 868MHz = (Pout_sa_PA + Loutput_path) (Psig_gen Linput_path) = ( -30.6dBm + 10.36 dB) (25 dBm 10.36 dB) = 15.12 dB

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Filter characterisation using SA

Basic equipment setup

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OBSERVATIONS Peak fundamental frequency = 868 MHz Output power level, Pout_sa_filter = -27.72 dBm Gain @868MHz = Actual Filter Output power, Pout Actual Filter Input power, Pin = (Pout_sa_filter + Loutput_path) (Psig_gen Linput_path) = ( -27.72 dBm + 10.36dB) (15 dBm 10.36 dB) = 8 dB Insertion loss at 868MHz = Gain at 868 MHz = -8 dB

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Experiment:4 Vector Network Analyser

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Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Characterization Using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
Vector Network Analyzer P1 P2
SMA cable In LNA Frequency synthesizer RF Out USB cable PC/ Notebook Required accessories SMA m-m coaxial cable USB cable PC/Notebook with RF Trainer Control Panel installed Out RF In Down mixer LO In IF Out In IF band-pass filter Out In IF amplifier Out

SMA cable

USB port

Receiver unit

RF Trainer Control Panel

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Start Stop Format Measure Scale

: : : : :

700 MHz 1 GHz Log Magnitude S21 Auto Scale

Observations Gmax = 8.4512 dB at 880 MHz Gmax 3dB occurs at 632.45 MHz Gain at 868 MHz = 8.4391 dB

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 Format Scale

: Delay : Auto Scale

Group delay at 868 MHz = 1.5103 ns

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 Format : Log Magnitude Measure : S11 Scale : Auto Scale

Min Return Loss = -20.461 dB at 852.5 MHz Max Return Loss = -3.483 dB at 545MHz Return Loss = -19.262 dB at 868 MHz 30

Filter Characterization using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

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 Format Meas Scale

: Log magnitude : S21 : Autoscale

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OBSERVATIONS
3dB cutoff frequencies Lower 3dB frequency (fL) = 834.65364 MHz Upper 3dB frequency (fH) = 1.2783179 GHz 3dB bandwidth = 443.66426 MHz Centre frequency (fc) = 1056.48 MHz Insertion loss (S21) at centre frequency = -0.8507 dB
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 Format Scale

: Delay : Autoscale

Group delay (at fc) = 1.6946 ns 34

Experiment:6 Low pass and High pass filter simulation using ADS

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Design
For N=5,the LPF prototype design values are given by g1 = 0.6080, g2 = 1.6180, g3 = 2, g4 = 1.6180, g5 = 0.6180

LPP to LPF

LPP to HPF

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Lumped LPF circuit

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Results lumped LPF

Cut off frequency fc= 2GHZ Roll off factor = -13dB/GHZ

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HPF lumped circuit

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Results- lumped HPF

Cut off frequency fc = 2GHZ Roll off factor = 1.235dB/GHZ

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Schematic

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Result

Cut off frequency fc = 1.81GHZ Roll off factor =-11.855dB/GHZ

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Experiment:7 Branch line coupler simulation using ADS

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 Material used: FR4 Calculations:

TL1, TL3, TL4, TL7, TL6, TL8

TL2, TL5
20.3734 mm

2.92558mm

5.00476 mm

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Schematic

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Results .

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Expriment:8 1800 Hybrid coupler simulation using ADS

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Material used :FR 4 Calculations z=50 ohm and center frequency=2GHz

Curve1, 2, 3 TL1, TL2, TL3, TL4 W L 20.9153mm Radius W 2.92558 mm Angle (Deg) 60 20.257 mm 3 mm

Curve 4

3 mm

20.257 mm 180

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Schematic

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Results

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Experiment:9 T junction power divider simulation using ADS

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Material used FR 4 Calculations: Z=50 ohm and center frequency=2GHz

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schematic

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Simulation results

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Experiment:10 Microstrip Rectangular Antenna design using ADS

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calculations

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layout

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Simulation results

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Radiation pattern

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Wireless Communication Link Using

timing acquisition.
QPSK Communication: To simulate QPSK transmitter and receiver taking into account the phase and the frequency offset
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 Transmitter

Receiver

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Transmitted signal 1 0.8 0.6 0.4

Magnitude

0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

50

100

150

200 250 300 QPSK data

350

400

450

500

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RC pulse shape 1.2

0.8

Magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

10

20

30

40

50 60 Bit Duration

70

80

90

100

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I channel before pulse shaping 1.5

Q channel

0.5
Magnitude

0.5
Magnitude

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5
1 0.8

50

100

150

200

250

-1.5

50

Pulse shaped I channel Sample Index

100 150 Sample Index

200

250

Movement of interpolator values

Magnitude Averaged value

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

0.6 0.4
Magnitude

0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

4 5 ISI free instant

Rx samples# in a sequence

Decision variable 80 60 40 20 0 -2

-1 0 1 BPSK signal with AWGN

50

100 150 Sample Index

200

250

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QPSK Transmitter

QPSK Receiver

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Results
For baseband loop
Transmitted signal 1 0.8 0.6 0.4

Magnitude

0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

50

100

150

200 250 300 QPSK data

350

400

450

500

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Constellation of Received Signal 100 80 60

40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

-100

-50

0 50 In Phase Component

100

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6 x 10 Constellation of Received Signal After Coarse Freq Correction

x 10 6

Constellation of filtered points After phase rotation

6 5 4
Quadrature Component

3
Quadrature Component

2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -6 -4 -2 0 2 In Phase Component 4 6 x 10
6

-2

-4

-6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 In Phase Component 4 6 8 x 10
6

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Constellation of filtered points After tracking 1

0.5

Quadrature Component

-0.5

-1

-1

-0.5

0 0.5 In Phase Component

1.5

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 IF feedback loop
Constellation of Received Signal 80 60 40

Quadrature Component

20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 In Phase Component 40 60 80 100

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6 x 10 Constellation of Received Signal After Coarse Freq Correction

x 10 5

Constellation of filtered points After phase rotation

4 3
Quadrature Component

Quadrature Component

2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

-2

-4

-6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 In Phase Component 4 6 x 10
6

-5 -6 -4 -2 0 2 In Phase Component 4 6 x 10
6

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Constellation of filtered points After tracking 1.5

Quadrature Component

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0 0.5 In Phase Component

1.5

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Thank you

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