ME16A: CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN TWO DIMENSIONS

4.1 DERIVATION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS

Resolving perpendicular to EC:

x 1 x EC =

x BC x 1 x cos
y

+ + +

x EB x 1 x sin

xy

x 1 x EB x cos
xy

x 1 x BC x sin

Note that EB = EC sin

and
2

BC = EC cos

x EC =

x EC cos

2 x EC sin

+ xy x EC x sin cos + cos xy x EC sin

cos2

2 sin

+ 2

xy

sin

cos
= (1 cos2 )/2 and

Recall that : cos2

= (1 + cos 2 )/2,

2 sin

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

= x/2 (1 + cos 2 ) +

y/2

(1 - cos ) + 2

xy

sin2

x y
2

x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2

(4.1)

Resolving parallel to EC:

x 1 x EC =

x BC x 1 x sin

x EB x 1 x cos

xy

x 1 x EB x sin

xy

x 1 x BC x cos

Derivation of General Equation Concluded

x EC =

x EC sin cos
- -
xy

x EC sin

cos

xy x EC x sin2
=
x

x EC cos2
sin

sin cos

cos

xy

2 sin

xy

cos2

Recall that sin 2

= 2 sin cos and cos 2

2 = cos

- sin2

x y
2

sin 2 xy cos 2 . (4.2)

SPECIAL CASES OF PLANE STRESS

The general case of plane stress reduces to simpler states of stress under special conditions:
4.1.1 Uniaxial Stress: This is the situation where all the stresses acting on the xy

element are zero except for the normal stress

x,

then the element is in uniaxial

y

stress. The corresponding transformation equations, obtained by setting

xy

and

equal to zero in the Equations 4.1 and 4.2 above:

x (1 cos 2 ), 2

x sin 2 2

Special Cases of Plane Stress Contd.

Maximum Shear Stress

Example

Solution

Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses

Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses Contd.

The solution of equation 4.4 yields two values of 2 separated by 180 o, i.e. two values of separated by 90 o. Thus the two principal stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes termed principal planes, Substituting in equation 4.1:

x y
2

x y
2

( x y ) ( x y ) 2 4 2 xy

+ xy

2 xy ( x y ) 2 4 2 xy

x y
2

( x y ) 2 2 ( x y ) 4
2 2 xy

2 2 xy
+

( x y ) 2 4 2 xy

x y
2

1 2

( x y ) 2 4 2 xy ( x y ) 2 4 2 xy

Shear Stresses at Principal Planes are Zero

or

x y
2

1 2

x y ) 2 4 2 xy

.. (4.5)

These are termed the principal stresses of the system.

By substitution for

from equation 4.4 , into the shear stress expression (equation 4.2):

x y
2

sin 2 xy cos 2 . (4.2)

x y
2

2 xy ( x y ) 2 4 2 xy

- xy

( x y ) ( x y ) 2 4 2 xy

xy ( x y )
( x y ) 4
2 2 xy

xy ( x y )
( x y ) 4
2 2 xy

= 0

Principal Planes and Stresses Contd.

Thus at principal planes, = 0. Shear stresses do not occur at the principal planes. The complex stress system of Figure 4.1 can now be reduced to the equivalent system of principal stresses shown in Figure 4.2 below.

Figure 4.3: Principal planes and stresses

Equation For Maximum Shear Stress

From equation 4.3, the maximum shear stress present in the system is given by:

max

1 1 ( x y ) = 2 2

x y ) 2 4 2 xy

and this occurs on planes at 45o to the principal planes. Note: This result could have been obtained using a similar procedure to that used for determining the principal stresses, i.e. by differentiating expression 4.2, equating to zero and substituting the resulting expression for

4.4 PRINCIPAL PLANE INCLINATION IN

TERMS OF THE ASSOCIATED PRINCIPAL STRESS
It has been stated in the previous section that expression (4.4), namely

tan 2

2 xy ( x y )

yields two values of , i.e. the inclination of the two principal planes on which the principal stresses
1

or

2.

It is uncertain, however, which stress acts on which

plane unless eqn. (4.1 ) is used, substituting one value of

obtained from eqn. (4.4)

and observing which one of the two principal stresses is obtained. The following alternative solution is therefore to be preferred.

PRINCIPAL PLANE INCLINATION CONTD.

Consider once again the equilibrium of a triangular block of material of unit depth (Fig. 4.3); this time EC is a principal plane on which a principal stress p acts, and the shear stress is zero (from the property of principal planes).

PRINCIPAL PLANE INCLINATION CONTD.

Resolving forces horizontally,

(, x x BC x 1) + (
xy

x EB x 1) = (

x EC x l) cos

x EC

cos +

xy x EC sin =

p x EC cos

xy tan = p

E
p x tan xy
(4.7)

PRINCIPAL PLANE INCLINATION CONTD.

Thus we have an equation for the inclination of the principal planes in terms of the principal stress. If, therefore, the principal stresses are determined and substituted in the above equation, each will give the corresponding angle of the plane on which it acts and there can then be no confusion.

PRINCIPAL PLANE INCLINATION CONTD.

The above formula has been derived with two tensile direct stresses and a shear stress system, as shown in the figure; should any of these be reversed in action, then the appropriate minus sign must be inserted in the equation.

Graphical Solution Using the Mohrs Stress Circle

4.5. GRAPHICAL SOLUTION-MOHR'S STRESS CIRCLE

Consider the complex stress system of Figure below. As stated previously this represents a complete stress system for any condition of applied load in two dimensions. In order to find graphically the direct stress p and shear stress on any plane inclined at to the plane on which x acts, proceed as follows:
(1) Label the block ABCD. (2) Set up axes for direct stress (as abscissa) and shear stress (as ordinate) (3) Plot the stresses acting on two adjacent faces, e.g. AB and BC, using the following sign conventions:

Mohrs Circle Contd.

Direct stresses: tensile, positive; compressive, negative; Shear stresses: tending to turn block clockwise, positive; tending to turn block counterclockwise, negative. This gives two points on the graph which may then be labeled AB and BC respectively to denote stresses on these planes

Mohrs Circle Contd.

y
A

xy B

xy

D C
(4) Join AB and BC. (5) The point P where this line cuts the a axis is then the centre of Mohr's circle, and the line is the diameter; therefore the circle can now be drawn. Every point on the circumference of the circle then represents a state of stress on some plane through C. Fig. 4.5 Mohr's stress circle.

Fig. 4.5 Mohr's stress circle.

Proof

Consider any point Q on the circumference of the circle, such that PQ makes an angle 2 with BC, and drop a perpendicular from Q to meet the a axis at N. Coordinates of Q:

ON OP PN

1 ( x y ) R cos ( 2 ) 2

1 ( x y ) R cos 2 cos R sin 2 sin 2 R cos ON 1 ( x y ) and 2 R sin xy

1 1 ( x y ) ( x y ) cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2

Proof Contd.

On inspection this is seen to be eqn. (4.1) for the direct stress on the plane inclined at to BC in the figure for the two-dimensional complex system. Similarly, sin ( 2 - ) = R sin 2 cos

QN

- R cos 2

sin

1 ( x y ) sin 2 xy cos 2 2
on the plane

Again, on inspection this is seen to be eqn. (4.2) for the shear stress
inclined at

to BC.

Note

Thus the coordinates of Q are the normal and shear stresses on a plan inclined at to BC in the original stress system.

N.B. - Single angle BCPQ is 2

on Mohr's circle and not

, it is evident that angles

are doubled on Mohr's circle. This is the only difference, however, as they are measured in the same direction and from the same plane in both figures (in this case counterclockwise from ~BC).

Further Notes on Mohrs Circle

Further points to note are: (1) The direct stress is a maximum when Q is at M, i.e. OM is the length representing the maximum principal stress 1 and 2
1

gives the angle of the plane

from

BC. Similarly, OL is the other principal stress. (2) The maximum shear stress is given by the highest point on the circle and is represented by the radius of the circle. This follows since shear stresses and complementary shear stresses have the same value; therefore the centre of the circle will always lie on the 1 axis midway between x and y . (3) From the above point the direct stress on the plane of maximum shear must be midway between x and y .

Further Notes on Mohr Circle Contd.

(4) The shear stress on the principal planes is zero. (5) Since the resultant of two stresses at 90 can be found from the parallelogram of plane at to BC is given by OQ on Mohr's circle.

vectors as the diagonal, as shown in Figure below, the resultant stress on the

Resultant stress r on any plane.

Preference of Mohr Circle

The graphical method of solution of complex stress problems using Mohr's circle is a very powerful technique since all the information relating to any plane within the stressed element is contained in the single construction. It thus provides a convenient and rapid means of solution which is less prone to arithmetical errors and is highly recommended.