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Introduction Urinary System

The document provides an overview of the urinary system including its main components and functions. It describes the internal structures of the kidneys including over 1 million nephrons per kidney which are the smallest functional units. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion in the nephrons and is eliminated from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. Common diagnostic tests for assessing the urinary system are also outlined such as urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity, intravenous pyelogram, and cystoscopy.

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Katherine Anne Reyes
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592 views

Introduction Urinary System

The document provides an overview of the urinary system including its main components and functions. It describes the internal structures of the kidneys including over 1 million nephrons per kidney which are the smallest functional units. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion in the nephrons and is eliminated from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. Common diagnostic tests for assessing the urinary system are also outlined such as urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity, intravenous pyelogram, and cystoscopy.

Uploaded by

Katherine Anne Reyes
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the Urinary System

VOCN42B Apr, 2012

Urinary Tract
Upper, lower tract Location and span Blood supply

Question
Is the following statement true or false? The urethra are the hollow tubes that extend from the kidneys to the bladder.

Answer
False. The ureters are the hollow tubes that extend from the kidneys to the bladder, which drain urine. In males, they measure approximately 24 cm, in females, approximately 4 cm.

Urinary Tract
Internal renal structure The urethrovesical unit Process of urine formation

Renal Structures: Parenchyma


Cortex (Outer Layer) Structures
Nephrons: Microscopic; Approximately 1 million
Smallest functioning renal structure
Glomerulus; Afferent arteriole; Efferent arteriole; Bowmans capsule; Distal and proximal convoluted tubules; Loop of Henle; Collecting tubule

Medulla (Inner Layer) Structures


Calyces (pyramids); Renal pelvis; Ureter

Renal Nephron

<Insert Figure 57-3>

Question
Is the following statement true or false? The nephron is the smallest functioning renal structure.

Answer
True. The nephron is the smallest functioning renal structure. While being microscopic in size, there are approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney.

Urethrovesical Unit
Pelvic Floor Muscles: Form sling, which supports bladder, urethra, rectum, various reproductive organs Urinary Bladder: Hollow, muscular organ; Shape, size dependent on client age, amount of urine contained (usu. 300 500 ml) Urethra: Hollow tube; Begins at bladder neck, ends at external meatus Length: Male 24 cm; Female 4 cm

Urine
Formation: Three steps Glomerular filtration; Tubular reabsorption; Tubular secretion Elimination: Renal pelvis through ureter into bladder Peristaltic action Nerve reflex triggered 150ml urine Bladder muscle contracts; Sphincter muscles relax

Assessment
History Physical Examination Diagnostic Tests Radiography KUB; X-ray Ultrasonography CT; MRI Angiography Cytoscopy

Cytoscopy
Visualization of the bladders internal structures

Pyelograms
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP): Radiologic study to evaluate structure, function of KUB Using radiographs Retrograde Pyelogram: Visualization of complete ureter, renal pelvis needed Performed during cystoscopy Carries risk of sepsis, severe UTI Nursing Management

Question
Is the following statement true or false? Performing an IVP carries the risk of sepsis or introducing microbes which could cause an urinary tract infection.

Answer
False. Performing an IVP involves introducing IV contrast and producing radiographs. A retrograde pyelogram is performed during an cystoscopy and carries the risk of sepsis or introducing microbes which could cause an urinary tract infection.

Biopsy
Purpose Diagnose cancer; Assesses prostatic enlargement Monitor progression of renal disease Evaluates treatment of renal transplant rejection Risk of postprocedure bleeding Nursing Management

Diagnostic Tests
Cystogram: Evaluates bladder structure abnormalities, filling Voiding Cystourethrogram: Rapid series of x-rays while voiding Contraindicated in UTI Urodynamic Studies: Evaluate bladder, renal function; Assess cause of reduced urinary flow, urinary retention or incontinence Uroflowmetry; Cystometrogram Nursing Management

Urinalysis: Study of urine components, characteristics; Monitors efficacy of treatment of known urinary, renal conditions Urine culture and sensitivity (C & S) 24-hour urine collection; Urine protein Urine specific gravity; Urine osmolality Blood urea nitrogen (BUN); Creatinine clearance Measure of renal function Nursing Management

Laboratory Tests

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