INTEGRATED MULTI TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA)
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The document discusses Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), a sustainable aquaculture method that combines different species at various trophic levels, utilizing waste from one species as a resource for another. IMTA systems can improve environmental sustainability, diversify production, and enhance economic value despite challenges like lower productivity and management complexity. Various species suitable for IMTA are identified, and advantages such as disease control and economic growth are highlighted along with potential disadvantages.
INTEGRATED MULTI TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA)
- 1. MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. B.K SHARMA Professor & Head Department of Aquaculture Presented By Mr. Krishan Kumar Yadav M. F. Sc. II year (Aquaculture) III Sem. Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001 CREDIT SEMINAR ON INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE
- 2. INDEX I. Introduction. II. Definition. III. Principle of IMTA. IV. System design for IMTA. V. Criteria for selection of fish. VI. Genera for IMTA system in marine temperate water. VII. Fish feed. VIII.Advantage of IMTA. IX. Disadvantage of IMTA. X. References.
- 3. INTRODUCTION At present the world’s greatest challenges – how to feed more than 9 billion people by 2050 in a context of climate change, economic and financial uncertainty, and growing competition for natural resources. Global fish production is estimated to have reached about 179 million tones in 2018 with a total first sale value estimated at USD 401 billion. Aquaculture accounted for 46 percent of the total production. The Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) involving fed species with organic extractive species and Inorganic extractive species that utilize wastes from aquaculture for their growth.
- 4. IMTA systems can be land-based or open-water systems such as marine or freshwater systems, and may comprise several species combinations. Some IMTA systems have included such combinations as shellfish/shrimp, fish/seaweed/shellfish, fish/shrimp and sea- weed/ shrimp. IMTA is considered more sustainable than the common monoculture systems – that is a system of aquaculture where only one species is cultured in that fed monocultures tend to have an impact on their local environments due to their dependence of supplementation with an exogenous source of food and energy without mitigation. Integration of different species in one culture unit can reduce these impacts because the culture of the species that do not require exogenous feeding may balance the system outputs through energy conversion, whereby the waste of one species becomes the food for another.
- 5. DEFINITION IMTA is the farming of aquaculture species from different trophic levels and with complementary ecosystem functions, in a way that allows one species uneaten feed and wastes, nutrients and by-products to be recaptured and converted into fertilizer, feed and energy for the other crops, and to take advantage of synergistic interactions between species. This system is entirely different from the ‘Polyculture.’ To the aims of IMTA is “To ecologically engineer system for environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and societal sustainability.”
- 6. Principal of IMTA IMTA is based on principle “The solution to nitrification is not dilution but extraction and conversion through diversification.” IMTA promotes economic and environmental sustainability by converting byproducts and uneaten feed from fed organisms into harvestable crops, thereby reducing eutrophication, and increasing economic diversification.
- 7. System Design for IMTA The system design should be engineered to optimize the recapture of waste products. As larger organic particles, such as uneaten feed and faces, settle down the cage system, they are eaten by deposit feeders, like sea cucumbers and sea urchins. At the same time the fine suspended particles are filtered out of the water column by filter-feeding animals like mussels, oysters and scallops. The seaweeds are placed a little farther away from the site in the direction of water flow so they can remove some of the inorganic dissolved nutrients from the water, like nitrogen and phosphorus.
- 8. In simple meaning of this system the main component is fed aquaculture species is eat some types of food after food some uneaten food in water, this uneaten food used by organic extractive aquaculture species after that release some gases and this some gases used by inorganic extractive aquaculture species, this system is IMTA system. IMTA species should be economically viable as aquaculture products, and cultured at densities that optimize the uptake and use of waste material throughout the production cycle.
- 9. Conceptual diagram of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) operation combining fed aquaculture (finfish) with organic extractive aquaculture (shellfish), taking advantage of the enrichment in particulate organic matter (POM), and inorganic extractive aquaculture (seaweeds), taking advantage of the enrichment in dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN).
- 10. Criteria for selection of fish Adaptation to tropical environment. Acceptance to all types of feed like natural and artificial feed. Amiability to live together. Compatibility. High Market demand. High market prices.
- 11. Genera for IMTA system in marine temperate waters Laminaria, Saccharina, Sacchoriza, Undaria, Alaria, Ecklonia, Lessonia, Durvillaea, Macrocystis, Gigartina, Sarcothalia, Chondracanthus, Callophyllis, Gracilaria, Gracilariopsis, Porphyra, Chondrus, Palmaria, Asparagopsis and Ulva (seaweeds). Haliotis, Crassostrea, Pecten, Argopecten, Placopecten, Mytilus, Choromytilus and Tapes (molluscs). Strongylocentrotus, Paracentrotus, Psammechinus, Loxechinus, Cucumaria, Holothuria, Stichopus, Parastichopus, Apostichopus and Athyonidium (echinoderms). Nereis, Arenicola, Glycera and Sabella (polychaetes). Penaeus and Homarus (crustaceans). Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Scophthalmus, Dicentrarchus, Gadus, Anoplopoma, Hippoglossus, Melanogrammus, Paralichthys, Pseudopleuronectes and Mugil (fish).
- 12. Fish Feed Fish are largely respond well to natural and commercial fish feed. Their diets need to be well balanced in terms of amino acids, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates etc. in order to achieve good growth and survivability.
- 13. Advantages of IMTA Effluent bio-mitigation :- The mitigation of effluents through the use of bio-filters (e.g. seaweeds and invertebrates), which are suited to the ecological niche of the farm. Disease control :- Prevention or reduction of disease among farmed fish can be provided by certain seaweeds due to their antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria or by shellfish reducing the virulence of ISAV (Infectious salmon anaemia virus). Increased profits through diversification:- Increased overall economic value of an operation from the commercial by-products that are cultivated and sold. Increased profits through obtaining premium prices:- Potential for differentiation of the IMTA products through eco-labeling or organic certification programs.
- 14. Improving local economy:- Economic growth through employment (both direct and indirect) and product processing and distribution. Form of ‘natural’ crop insurance:- Product diversification may offer financial protection and decrease economic risks when price fluctuations occur, or if one of the crops is lost to disease or inclement weather.
- 15. Disadvantages of IMTA Lower productivity than fed monocultures. Food safety concerns (coliforms and parasites). Public perception issues. Species limitations (especially in New Zealand). Requires good management to balance inputs and nutrient flows.
- 16. Refreance Barrington, K., Ridler, N., Chopin, T., Robinson, S. & Robinson, B. 2008. Social aspects of the sustainability of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Aquaculture International DOI 10.1007/s10499-008-9236-0. CHOPIN, T., J. A. COOPER, G. REID, S. CROSS, AND C. MOORE. 2012. Openwater integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: environmental biomitigation and economic diversification of fed aquaculture by extractive aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture 4:209-220. Chopin, T. 2006. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture. What it is and why you should care… and don’t confuse it with polyculture. Northern Aquaculture 12 (4): 4. Folke, C. & Kautsky, N. 1989. The role of ecosystems for a sustainable development of aquaculture. Ambio 18: 234-243.
- 17. Ridler, N., Wowchuk, M., Robinson, B., Barrington, K., Chopin, T., Robinson, S., Page, F., Reid, G., Szemerda, M., Sewuster, J. & Boyne-Travis, S. 2007. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA): a potential strategic choice for farmers. Aquaculture Economics and Management 11: 99-110. Tacon AJC, Hasan MR, Subasinghe RP. Use of fishery resources as feed inputs for aquaculture development: trends and policy implications. FAO Fisheries Circular. Rome, FAO. 2006; 1018:99. Neori A, Chopin T, Troell M, Buschmann A, Kraemer G, Halling C et al. Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture. Aquaculture. 2004. Troell M, Norberg J. Modelling output and retention ofsuspended solids in an integrated salmon-mussel culture. Ecol. Model. 1998; 110:65-77. WWW.Fao.org The State of World Fisheries And Aquaculture 2020.