Node.js Web Development .pdf

Welcome to
Web development with Node.js, Fifth Edition
The most popular server-side web development platform is Node.js, which enables
programmers to utilize the same tools and paradigms for both server-side and client-side
applications. This revised fifth edition of Node.js Web Development walks you through current
ideas, methods, and best practices for utilizing Node.js while concentrating on the new
capabilities of Node.js 14, Express 4.x, and ECMAScript.
He book begins by guiding you through the fundamental ideas of creating server-side web
applications with Node.js. You'll discover how to create a full-featured Node.js web application
with a backend database tier to enable you to experiment with various databases. Terraform
and Docker Swarm will be used to deploy the program to actual web servers, such as a cloud
hosting infrastructure based on AWS EC2, while integrating additional technologies.

As you advance, you'll learn about functional and unit testing as well as using Docker to install
test infrastructure. Finally, you'll learn how to implement a variety of app security measures
using best practices, tighten the security of Node.js apps, provision HTTPS using Let's Encrypt,
and more. The book will assist you in applying your knowledge across the complete life cycle of
designing a web app with each chapter. You will have obtained useful Node.js web
development expertise by the end of this book, and you will be able to create and deploy your
own applications using a public web hosting service.
What Node.js is
Every frontend web developer has access to JavaScript, making it a tremendously popular
programming language that has gained the stigma of being used just for client-side code in web
pages. Given that you choose to read this book, there's a good chance you've heard of Node.js,
a framework for writing JavaScript code outside of web browsers. Node.js, which has been
around for ten years, is now a well-established programming environment that is utilized in
numerous initiatives of various sizes.
You will learn about Node.js in this book. You will have gained knowledge of every stage of
creating server-side web applications using Node.js by the time you finish this book, from
conception to deployment and security. In writing this book, we made the following
assumptions:
 You are already proficient in writing software.
 You are knowledgeable about JavaScript.
 You have some experience creating web applications in several languages.
Do we stick with a new programming tool only because it's the trendy new tool when we assess
it? Maybe some of us do that, but the mature course of action is to compare each tool. The
technical justification for choosing Node.js is what this chapter is all about. Prior to writing any
code, it is important to understand what Node.js is and how it fits into the larger market for
software development tools. Then, realizing that tinkering about in live code is frequently the
greatest way to learn, we will get right into creating usable applications.
In this chapter, we'll go over the following subjects:
 An overview of Node.js
 What Node.js is capable of
 Why Node.js should be used
 Node.js's architecture
 Utilizing Node.js for performance, utilization, and scalability

 Microservice architecture, Node.js, and testing
 Using Node.js, implement the 12-factor app model
Description of Node.js
Node.js is a cutting-edge framework for creating general-purpose programming, network
servers, clients of any kind, application servers, and web applications. It uses a clever
combination of server-side JavaScript, asynchronous I/O, and asynchronous programming to
achieve tremendous scalability in networked applications.
Despite being only ten years old, Node.js has quickly gained popularity and is currently having a
big impact. It is being used by both large and small businesses for both large- and small-scale
initiatives. For instance, PayPal has migrated numerous services from Java to Node.js. The
architecture of Node.js deviates from a standard decision made by other application platforms.
In contrast to Node.js, where threads are frequently utilized to scale an application to fill the
CPU due to their intrinsic complexity. Single-thread event-driven architectures are said to
provide reduced memory footprints, high throughput, superior latency profiles under load, and
easier programming models. Numerous people view the Node.js platform, which is currently
experiencing tremendous growth, as a strong alternative to the conventional online application
frameworks employing Java, PHP, Python, or Ruby on Rails.

Its core is a standalone JavaScript engine with extensions that may be used for general-purpose
programming and is firmly centered on the creation of application servers. Node.js is not an
application server, despite the fact that we are comparing it to platforms for application
servers. Node.js is a runtime for programming similar to Python, Go, or Java SE. Even while
Node.js is used to build application servers and online application frameworks, it is merely a
platform for running JavaScript code.
The main architectural decision is to use Node.js' event-driven architecture instead of
multithreading. Blocking actions are routed to a single-threaded event loop in the Node.js
architecture, and the results are returned to the caller as an event that calls an event handler
function.
Domain Name System (DNS), HTTP, internet relay chat (IRC), and FTP are just a few examples of
the many TCP and UDP protocols that can be implemented using the Node.js core modules. The
Socket.IO library for Node.js makes it simple to add real-time chat or monitor existing websites,
for example, without the need for technology like an Apache/PHP or Rails stack. Although it
supports the development of internet servers or clients, its main use case is regular website
development. Due of its small size and fast performance, Node.js is frequently utilized as a glue
service. Deploying small services on current cloud infrastructure with function-as-a-service
platforms like Kubernetes and Docker is a particularly exciting combo.
Node.js's capabilities
Outside of web browsers, JavaScript applications can be created using the Node.js framework.
This is not the JavaScript environment found in web browsers, which is strange! Node.js uses
the same JavaScript programming language as browsers do, however it lacks certain of the
browser's functionality. For instance, Node.js does not provide an HTML DOM.
In addition to JavaScript support natively, the built-in modules offer the following features:
 tools for the command line written in shell script
 a read-eval-print loop (REPL), a type of interactive-terminal application
 Outstanding process control features to monitor child processes
 A buffer object with extensive, event-driven callbacks that handles binary data TCP or
UDP sockets
 DNS check
 a client server for HTTP, HTTPS, and HTTP/2

We tend to be more productive working with higher-level interfaces rather than working at a
low level of the HTTP or other protocols. For instance, PHP coders assume that
Apache/Nginx/and other servers are already there providing the HTTP, so they don't need to
implement the HTTP server portion of the stack.
The Node.js community offers a number of web application frameworks, such Express, that
provide the higher-level interfaces needed by normal programmers, which simplifies the
situation. Developers may concentrate on their business logic by using an HTTP server that is
already configured with features like sessions, cookies, providing static files, and logging. Other
frameworks enable OAuth 2 or concentrate on REST APIs, for example.
What applications does Node.js have?
The Node.js community has expanded the technology's uses beyond the creation of web
service applications. Build tools: Node.js has gained popularity as a platform for creating
command-line tools for communicating with service infrastructure or developing software.
Frontend developers frequently utilize Grunt, Gulp, and Webpack to create website assets.
Babel is frequently used to transpile current ES-2016 code so that it will work on legacy
browsers. Static website production systems, such as Metalsmith, Punch, and AkashaCMS, run

at the command line and produce website content that you send to a web server. Popular CSS
optimizers and processors, such as PostCSS, are implemented in Node.js.
Desktop apps
Frameworks for creating desktop applications for Windows, macOS, and Linux include Electron
and node-webkit (NW.js). These frameworks enable the creation of desktop apps using web UI
technologies by utilizing a sizable portion of Chrome, wrapped by Node.js modules.
Applications can make use of cutting-edge web frameworks like Bootstrap, React, VueJS, and
AngularJS and are built in contemporary HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. The Slack desktop client,
the Atom and Microsoft Visual Code programming editors, the Postman REST client, the
GitKraken GIT client, and Etcher, which makes it incredibly simple to burn OS images to flash
drives to run on single-board computers, are just a few of the well-known applications that
have been developed using Electron.
Applications for smartphones and tablets can be created using Node.js on both iOS and Android
devices thanks to the project Node.js for Mobile Systems. Because a JavaScript engine with JIT
capabilities is prohibited by Apple's App Store policies, iOS applications cannot make use of
regular Node.js. The project uses Node.js-on-ChakraCore to construct iOS applications while
avoiding App Store restrictions.
Internet of Things (IoT)
The majority of ARM-based single-board computers support the Node.js programming
language, which is particularly popular for Internet-of-Things projects. The NodeRED project

provides the best illustration. It provides a graphical programming environment that enables
you to create programs by connecting different types of blocks. It has input and output
mechanisms that are hardware-focused, such as those to communicate with the General
Purpose I/O (GPIO) pins on Raspberry Pi or Beaglebone single-board computers.
Summary
This chapter taught you a lot of things. In particular, you learned that JavaScript has
applications outside of web browsers and that Node.js is a fantastic programming environment
with lots of intriguing features. Despite being a relatively new project, Node.js has quickly
gained popularity and is now extensively used for a variety of purposes, including command-
line developer tools in addition to online applications.
The Node.js platform has been able to keep up with the rapid advancements in the JavaScript
language since it is built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. Instead of using threads and
blocking I/O, the Node.js architecture uses asynchronous functions controlled by an event loop
that initiates callback functions. This architecture claims performance advantages that appear
to provide a variety of advantages,
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