Presentation on Airport Engineering

Airport Engineering Saturday, 4 April 2020 Page of1 28
Presentation on
AIRPORT ENGINEERING
Submitted by:-Abhishek M.Chavan, Roll no-04. Class- Second Year, Div-B
Subject:- Transportation Engineering Guided by:-Prof. Payal Hon

INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Development of Air port in India
3. International Civil Aviation Organization
4. Types of Airport
• International Airport
• Domestic Airport
• Regional Airport
5. Airport Terminology
• Aerodrome

• Airplane
• Apron
• Runway
• Terminal area
6. Factors affecting selection of site for Airport
7. Air Trafﬁc Control ATC
8. Advantage & Disadvantage of Air Transport
9. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
• Air transport is the fastest mode of transportation aircraft flying at more than
300 kmph to a modern speed is nearly 3 times the speed of sound.
• An airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground transportation
to air transportation.
• An airport is a location where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters take off
and land
• Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport
• An airport should have runways for takeoffs and landings, buildings such as
hangars and terminal buildings.

• An airport is a location where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters take off
and land
• Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport
• An airport should have runway for takeoffs and landings, buildings such as
hangars and terminal buildings.
• These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind directions to
determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and
safety areas, different wing too to wing tip clearances for all gates and must
designate the clear zones in the entire port.

Development of Air port in India
The first air flight in India was
performed in the year of 1911
when a Frenchman carried
mail from Allahabad to Naini
The first commercial air
service was established in
1930 as Tata Airlines
Air India entered Into Jet age
in 1960 when Boeing 707
Services were started
between India and London
and subsequently extended
to New York
India’s first Boeing 747 which is two and a half times the size of Boeing 707-
Emperor Ashoka was procured in 1971.

International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) is a special agency of the united
nations. It changes the principal and techniques
of international air navigation and fosters the
planning and development of international air
transport to ensure safe and orderly growth.its
headquarters is located in the Quarter
International of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
The ICAO Council adopts standards and
recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight
inspection, prevention of unlawful interference and facilitation of border crossing
procedures for International civil aviation.ICAO defines the protocols for air
accident investigation that are followed by transport safety authorities in countries
signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.

Types of Airport
1. International Airport
2. Domestic Airport
3. Regional Airport

1. International Airport
•An international airport has direct
service to many other airports
•Handle scheduled commercial
airlines both for passengers and
cargo
•Many international airports also
serve as “HUBS” or places where
non-direct flights may land and
passengers switch planes.
•Typically equipped with customs
and immigration facilities to handle
international flights to and form other countries
• ch airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and facilities
to accommodate the large aircraft.(FBO,MRO etc…)
Maldives International Airport

2. Domestic Airport
•A domestic airport is an
airport which handles only
domestic flights or flights
within the same country.
•Domestic airports don’t
have customs and
immigration facilities and are
therefore incapable of
handling flights to or from a
foreign airport
•These airports normally
have short runways which
are sufficient to handle short/medium haul aircrafts
Mumbai Domestic Airport

3. Regional Airport
•A regional airport is an airport
serving traffic within a
relatively small or lightly
populated geographical area
•A regional airport usually
does not have customs and
immigration facilities to
process traffic between
countries.
•Aircraft using these airport
tend to be smaller business
jets or private aircraft

Airport Terminology
1. Aerodrome
Any defined area on land or water
intended to be use for the arrival and
departure of an aircraft is called
aerodrome. It may be provided with the
facilities for shelter and repair aircraft and
also for processing of passengers,
baggage, mail and cargo. It may not
necessarily be used for all scheduled air
flight. Sometimes the term aerodrome is
used to mean an airport. The term airport may imply a certain statue that not
all aerodromes may have achieved.

2. Aeroplane
An aeroplane is a powered,
fixed wing aircraft that is
propelled forward by thrust from
a jet engine, propeller or rocket
engine. Airplanes come in a
variety of sizes, shapes and
wing configurations. The broad
spectrum of uses for airplanes
includes recreation,
transportation of goods and
people, military and research.
Worldwide, commercial aviation
transports more than four billion passengers annually on airlines and
transports more than 200 billion tonne kilometre of cargo annually, which is
less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.

3. Apron
The airport apron, apron,
flight line, ramp, or tarmac is
the area of an airport where
aircraft are parked, unloaded
or loaded, refuelled, or
boarded. Although the use of
the apron is covered by
regulations, such as lighting
on vehicles, it is typically
more accessible to users than
the runway or taxiway.
However, the apron is not
usually open to the general public and a permit may be required to gain
access. By extension, the term apron is also used to identify the air traffic
control position responsible for coordinating movement on this surface at
busier airports

4. Runway
According to the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), a runway
is a "defined rectangular area on a land
aerodrome prepared for the landing and
takeoff of aircraft". Runways may be a
man-made surface (often asphalt,
concrete, or a mixture of both) or a
natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice,
sand or salt). Runways, as well as
taxiways and ramps, are sometimes
referred to as “tarmac,” though very few
runways are built using tarmac. Runway
lengths are now commonly given in meters worldwide, except in North America
where feet are commonly used.
In 1916, in a World War I war effort context, the first concrete-paved runway
was built in Clermont-Ferrand in France, allowing local company Michelin to
manufacture Bréguet Aviation military aircraft.

5. Terminal Area
An airport terminal is a building at an
airport where passengers transfer
between ground transportation and the
facilities that allow them to board and
disembark from an aircraft.
Within the terminal, passengers
purchase tickets, transfer their luggage,
and go through security. The buildings
that provide access to the airplanes
(via gates) are typically called
concourses. However, the terms
"terminal" and "concourse" are
sometimes used interchangeably,
depending on the configuration of the airport.
Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals
and/or concourses. At small airports, the single terminal building typically
serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse.

Factors affecting selection of site for Airport
1. Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
2. Availability of land for expansion
3. Availability of utilities
4. Development of the surrounding area
5. Economy of construction
6. Ground accessibility
7. Presence of other airports
8. Use of airport

1. Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
The presence of the fog, haze and smoke reduces the visibility and the poor
visibility lowers the traffic capacity of an aircraft. The fog has a tendency to
settle into areas where there is little wind. The lack of wind is caused by the
topographical features of the surroundings locality. In a similar way, the smoke
and haze are present at sites very near to the large industrial areas
2. Availability of land for expansion
The field of aviation is expanding day by day. It is therefore necessary to
acquire land in advance or to be able to acquire sufficient real estate in the
future for expanding the airport. As the volume of traffic increases, it will be
necessary to lengthen the runways, to provide additional support facilities and
to expand the terminal facilities.

3. Availability of utilities
An airport, especially a large one, has to be provided with the utilities like
water, electric power, telephone, sewer, etc. for electric power, most of the
major airports provide their own generating plants to be used in emergencies
4. Development of the surrounding area
The study of the type development of the surrounding area is very important
because the airport activities, particularly from the standpoint of noise, are
often quite objectionable to the neighbours of the airport.

5. Economy of construction
It is clear that if alternative sites are available and equally well-suited, the site
which is more economical to construct should be given preference. The sites
having waterlogged areas or reclaimed lands are very costly to develop than
those of natural grounds. The uneven terrain requires much more grading than
flat or even terrain. The availability of local construction materials may also
have a significant impact on the cost of the project.
6. Ground accessibility
The airline passenger is interested in overall door to door time than just in the
portion in the air. The location of airport at an considerable distance from the
centre of population may cause great inconvenience to the users. All modes of
transport should be considered for an easy ground access to the airport

7. Presence of other airport
The airports should be located at a sufficient distance apart. This is necessary
to prevent the aircraft’s which are manoeuvring for a landing at one airport
from interfering with the movements of the aircrafts at other airports. The
minimum distance between the adjacent airports will depend upon the volume
and type of air traffic, operating facilities, etc.
8. Use of airport
The airport site is decide also by the use of airport I.e, civil or military. In case
of an emergency like war, the civilian airports are taken over by the military. It
is therefore necessary to see that the airport site grants natural protection from
possible air attacks during war

Air Trafﬁc Control (Navigation) ATC
Air traffic control (ATC) is a service
provided by ground-based air traffic
controllers who direct aircraft on the
ground and through controlled airspace,
and can provide advisory services to
aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The
primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to
prevent collisions, organise and expedite
the flow of air traffic, and provide
information and other support for pilots.[1]
In some countries, ATC plays a security or
defensive role, or is operated by the military.
traffic controllers monitor the location of aircraft in their assigned airspace by
radar and communicate with the pilots by radio. To prevent collisions, ATC

enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a
minimum amount of empty space around it at all times. In many countries, ATC
provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating
within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace,
ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey, or advisories
(known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may, at their
discretion, disregard. The pilot in command is the final authority for the safe
operation of the aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC
instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Air Transport
Advantages
Accessibility: The air transport can reach the otherwise inaccessible
areas with other modes of transport and such areas can be economically
developed with air transport only
Continuous Journey: The aeroplanes can fly over both, namely , land
and water. They also do no require any artificial track as in case of railways
and roadways. Thus, it grants the facility of a continuous journey over long
distances
Emergency use: The air service can be used for destroying the pests by
aerial spray of the chemicals. It also extremely useful in case of floods for

dropping food packets to the affected people and for observing the are to
access the gravity of situation
Saving in time: It has resulted in a tremendous saving in travel time
because of high speeds of aeroplanes

Disadvantages
Flight rules: There are certain rules which are framed by the
concerned authorities and these rules are to be strictly observed for the
smooth working of air transport
Operating expenses: This mode of transport proves to be expensive
because heavy investments are required for the construction of aeroplanes,
airports, repair shops, metrological station, etc and special training is to be
given to these pilots. The no of passengers travelling by air as well as the
quantity of cargo that can be accommodated is the smallest as compared to
other means of trains and hence, the fares are the highest
Safety: The accidents of aeroplanes are peculiar and alarming in nature. It
has led to the psychological fear among passengers about the safety in air
travel. It has there become difficult to encourage the general public to travel air
and to make them air minded, especially in less advanced countries

Weather conditions: This mode of transport can operate only under
favourable climatic conditions. For instance, landing and taking off operations
of aircraft will be totally inconvenient during foggy days.

Conclusion
The airport industry is constantly evolving and innovating in response to the
ever changing demands of safety and security, technology, public demand,
customer service, government requirements and tenant needs. State laws
reflect a state’s effort over time to address those challenges at the local and
balance competing interments. A broad examination of state airport laws can
help airport managers and state leaders craft policy to resolve local concerns
and support the public’s current and future transportation interests

Presentation on Airport Engineering

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