Muslim Contributions in Medicine-Geography-Astronomy
- 3. Medicine Scientists Al‐Razi (865‐925 ) : Father of pediatrics Pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology Books: Kitab al‐Mansuri, 10 vols. on Greek Med. Encyclopedia of Medicine 20 Volumes Surgical Instruments Al‐Zahrawi (993‐1064): Father of surgery Shaped European surgical procedures until the Renaissance Books: Kitab al‐Tasrif 30 vols. encyclopedia is the greatest contribution in the field of medicine and surgery Patient Treatment
- 4. Medicine Scientists Ibn‐e‐Sina (980 – 1037): Father of early modern medicine Books: He wrote 450 Treatises out of which forty of them concentrate on medicine Qanun fi Al‐Tibbthe chief guide for medical science in the West from 12th to 17th century, describes over 760 drugs The Canon of Medicine was a standard medical text at the European universities up until the 19th century Al‐Biruni (973 – 1048): Al‐Biruni was the world's first great experimenter Kitab al‐Saidana fi al‐Tibb was an extensive medical and pharmacological encyclopedia Books: Kitab al‐Saidana “materia medica” which was celebrated for its in‐depth botanical studies of minerals and herbs Al‐Biruni contributions in diverse fields earned him the title "al‐Ustadh" (Master or Professor par excellence)
- 5. Surgery Ambroise Pare (1510 – 1590): The 1545, the scientific use of surgery was advanced by the French surgeon Ambroise Pare. He is considered the "father of rational surgery" Pare Al‐Zahrawi (993‐1064): 500years prior to Pare, Islamic Spain's Al‐Zahrawi began legating arteries with fine sutures perfected the use of Catgut, that is suture made from animal intestines Al‐Zahrawi instituted the use of cotton plus wax to plug bleeding wounds
- 6. Surgery (Anesthesia Surgery) Charles W. Long (1815 – 1878): The first surgery performed under inhalation anesthesia was conducted by C.W. Long, an American, in 1845 Al‐Zahrawi (993‐1064): 600 years prior to Long, Islamic Spain's Az‐Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr (1091‐1161), among other Muslim surgeons, performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalation anesthesia with the use of narcotic‐soaked sponges which were placed over the face C. W. Long Surgical utensils Ibn‐Zuhr
- 7. Anesthesia Humphrey Davy (1815 – 1878): Modern anesthesia was invented in the 19th century by Humphrey Davy and Horace Wells. AL‐Razi (865‐925): Al‐ Razi discovered,mastered and perfected modern anesthesia 900 years before the advent of Davy He was an expert surgeon and was the first to use opium for anesthesia Muslim Lab Humphrey Davy Patient Treatment
- 8. Antiseptic Joseph Lister (1548 – 1620): The scientific use of antiseptics in surgery was discovered by the British surgeon Joseph Lister in 1865 Joseph Lister Anti‐Septic Device Al‐Razi (865‐925 ) : AL‐Razi (10th century) used mercurial compounds and purified alcohol as topical antiseptics to wounds CORDOVA High success rate by Islamic Spain Surgeons brought dignitaries throughout Europe to Cordova, Spain for treatment. It was comparably to the "Mayo Clinic" of the Middle Ages
- 9. Medicine (Pathology) Ibn Zuhr (1091–1161): Giovanni Morgagni (1682 ‐ 1771): Islam's surgeons were the first pathologists. The Italian Giovanni Morgagni is They fully realized the nature of disease and regarded as the father of pathology described a variety of diseases to modern because he was the first to correctly detail describe the nature of disease. Ibn Zuhr correctly described the nature of pleurisy, tuberculosis and pericarditis Giovanni Morgagni Az‐Zahrawi accurately documented the pathology of hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and other congenital diseases
- 11. Blood Circulation William Harvey ( 1578 –1657 ): William Harvey, during the early 17th century, discovered that blood circulates and heart pumps it throughout the body William Harvey Image of veins Al‐Razi ( 865 ‐ 925 ) : Islam's ar‐Razi wrote an in‐depth treatise on the venous system, accurately describing the function of the veins and their valves AL‐Nafs Ibn AL‐Nafs and Ibn al‐Quff (13th century) correctly described the physiology of the heart and the function of its valves 300 years before Harvey Ibn‐al‐Quff
- 12. Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia ( 1542 ): Abū Alī Sīnā (980 ‐ 1037) : The first pharmacopeia (book of medicines) was published by a German scholar in 1542 Al‐Qanun fi al‐Tibb was written by Abu Ali Sina. The Qanun (1025) is Science of pharmacology was begun in the 1900's as an off‐shoot of chemistry due to the analysis of crude plant materials considered one of the most famous books in the history of medicine based on Islamic medicine QANUN 1484 (Latin translation)
- 13. Drug Therapy Paracelsus (1493 – 1541) : The discovery of the scientific use of drugs in the treatment of specific diseases was made by Paracelsus, the Swiss‐born physician, during the 16th century Paracelsus pharmacopoeia First Edition 1930 AL‐Razi (865 – 925) : Al‐Razi book “Al‐Asrar “ (the Secret) talks about the knowledge and identification of drug components of plant/animal and the description of the best type of each for utilization in treatment In fact, this concept was entirely Muslim invention. The word "drug" is derived from Arabic
- 14. Disease Treatment Johann Weyer (1515 – 1588) : The first sound approach to the treatment of disease was made by a German, Johann Weyer, in the 1500's Johann Weyer Ibn Sīnā (865 – 925) : Ibn Sīnā developed a medical system that combined his own personal experience with that of Islamic medicine Ibn Sīnā is regarded as the father of modern medicine Canon of Medicine, dated 1593
- 16. Geography Ptolemy (90 – 168): Geography was revived in medieval centuries from the works of Ptolemy Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368): Ibn Battuta's masterpieces provide a detailed view of the geography of ancient world Ibn Batuta Ibn Batuta’s Route Ptolemy world map (150 AD) Muslim geographers produced untold volumes of books on the geography of the World Claudius Ptolemaeus Muslim Geography
- 17. Mariner’s Compass Alexander Neckam ( 1157 – 1217 ): Muslim Scientists (8th Century): The compass was invented by the Muslims invented the Chinese between 1000 and 1100 A.D. compass Mariner’s Compass Loupan Ancient Chinese Compass The earliest reference to its use in navigation was by the Englishman, Alexander Neckam (1157‐1217) Muslims used the compass and passed this knowledge of its use in navigation to the West and Chinese
- 18. Telescope Hans (1570‐1619), Zacharias (1580‐1638) Jacob (1571‐1628): Telescope development is credited to: Abul Hasan (9th Century – 957 C.E.): Abul Hasan is distinguished as the inventor of the Telescope Jacob Metius Zacharias Janssen Hans Lippershey Khalifa Mamun constructed the first observatory at Shamassia, Tadmur Isaac Newton built the first Practical reflecting telescope In 1668 Newton Tadmur Ruins
- 19. The World Map Anaximander (610 – 546 BC): Muhammad Al‐Idrisi (1100 – 1165 ): Anaximander (died ca. 546 BC) is credited with having created one of the first maps of the world. Al‐Idrisi created the Most accurate map of the world in pre‐modern times Anaximander's world map Anaximander Al‐Idrisi The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by Al‐Idrisi in 1154 The oldest known world map Is the Imago Mundi of 6th Century BC, Babylonia Babylonian world Map Drawn by al‐Idrisi Tabula Rogeriana, for Roger II of Sicily
- 20. Heliocentrism Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 –1543): Nicolaus Copernicus presented a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system (Sun being at the center of the Universe) Nicolaus Heliocentric Model Abu Ma'shar al‐Balkhi (787 ‐ 886 ): Al‐Balkhi developed a planetary model which some have interpreted as a Heliocentric Model
- 21. Precession (Earth Movement) Hipparchus( 190 – 120 BC): The discovery of precession is usually attributed to Hipparchus of Rhodes or Nicaea, a Greek astronomer Al‐Biruni (973–1048): AL‐Biruni first states that “the motion of the solar apogee and the precession are not identical” Hipparchus Precession of a gyroscope *precession is the change in direction of axis of a rotating object Nasir al‐Din al‐Tusi calculated the value for the annual precession of the equinoxes
- 22. The Finite Universe Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC): The philosophy of Aristotle, held that although space was finite, with only void existing beyond the outermost sphere of the heavens, time was infinite Aristotle Al‐Kindi (801–873 CE): • • Al‐Kindi believed that the universe has a finite past with a beginning. They developed two logical arguments against an infinite past Al‐Kindi