Education governance model in western

Education Governance Model in Western Countries (UK)
BY
Amba Datt Pant
Nepal Open University
M. Phil. 2nd Semester
Roll No:75152105
To
M. Phil. Virtual Class
Education Studies Group (Governance and Accountability in Education)
Facilitated by: Dr. Jiban Khadaka
Date: 19 June 2020

Overview of Presentation
o Introduction
o United Kingdom (UK)
o Objectives of Education
o Educational System in The United
Kingdom
o Reception / Nursery School / Play
Groups
o Primary Schools
o Time for primary school
o Secondary schools
o Types of Schools in UK
o Further Education
o Higher Education
o Gap Year
o Education Structure
o Student’s Grading System
o Legal Provision
o Educational Administration
o Corona Virus (COVID-19)
Guidelines
o Conclusion

Purpose of Presentation
 Introduce Education System in the United Kingdom.
 Explain types of schools in the UK.
 Discuss the legal aspect and administration of education system in
the UK.
 Conclude the education governance system in the UK.

Introduction
 The Western world, also known as the West, refers to various regions,
nations, and states, depending on the context, most often consisting of the
majority of Europe, Australasia, and the Americas.
 Europe, second smallest of the world’s continents, composed of the
westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares
with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world’s total land area.
 Europe can be divided into seven geographic regions: (Scandinavia, The
British Isles, W Europe, S Europe, Central Europe, SE Europe, E Europe).

United Kingdom(UK)
• Area: total: 243,610 sq. km
• Population: 65,761,117 (July 2020 est.)
• Life Expectancy: total population: 81.1 years
• Education expenditures: 5.5% of GDP (2016)
• School life expectancy (SLE) is the total number of years of
schooling (primary to tertiary) : total: 19 years (male: 18 years,
female: 20 years) (2016)
• Literacy Rate: for 2018 was 99.00%, 0% increase from 2015.
• Unemployment rate: 4.3% (Nov 2017) Eurostat.
• GNI per capital: 42,100 dollars (2016) World Bank
• Population growth rate: 0.8% annual change (2016)World
Bank
• Official language: English
The World Fact book retrieved 5/20/2020

Introduction Cont.…The United Kingdom
 The United Kingdom is also known as Great Britain, it is made up of a
collection of four constituencies, namely England, Scotland, Wales,
and Northern Ireland with its largest city of London being named the
capital.
 The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy that has a
constitutional sovereign as head of state.
 The United Kingdom is currently run under the constitutional monarch
system and had been as such for the last three hundred years.
(World Health, 2014; Chue, 2009; Department for Education, 2015)

Introduction Cont.…The United Kingdom
 United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, abbreviated as UK. The United Kingdom is a group of
islands that includes Great Britain (England, Wales, Scotland) and Northern
Ireland.
 At the beginning of the 20th century the United Kingdom was the most
powerful country in the world. The British Empire consisted of many
colonies and covered no less than 24% of all land on earth.
 In England, the Department for Education is responsible for education. In
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, responsibility for education has been
delegated to the respective local Departments for Education.
(Nuffic, 2010)

Objectives of Education
The general objectives:
• To rise standards at all ability level.
• To give parents a wider choice of schools and improve the partnership
between schools and parents.
• To make further and higher education more economically relevant and
available to larger numbers.
• To obtain good value for money from the education service as a whole.
• Personal fulfillment.
• Social and civic involvement
• Contribution to the economy
• Practical wisdom
(White, 2006, and Sharma, 2005)

Educational System in The United Kingdom
• For many years education of UK is considered as one of the best in the world.
• The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary
education, secondary education, further education and higher education.
Children in the UK have to legally attend primary and secondary education
which runs from about 5 years old until the student is 16 years old.
• There four levels of school in UK.
0. Reception / Nursery School
1. Primary Education.
2. Secondary Education.
3. Further Education.
4. Higher Education.
(West, 2015)

Reception / Nursery School / Play Groups
 Many British children attend a nursery
school from the age of 3, but it is not
compulsory.
 In nursery schools they learn some
elementary things such as numbers,
colours, and letters.
 Apart from that, babies play, have lunch
and sleep there
 Compulsory education begins at the age of
5, when children go to primary school.

Primary Schools
• Primary education lasts for 6 years. It
is divided into two periods
• Infant schools(from 5 to 7 years old)
• Junior schools(pupils from 7 to 11
years old).
• In infant schools children don't have
real classes. They mostly play and
learn through games.
• It is the time when children just get
acquainted with the classroom,
• the blackboard, desks and the teacher

Primary Schools cont. …
When pupils are 7, real studying begins.
They do a lot of things in the
classroom. They learn about English,
Physical Education, Art and
Technology, Mathematics, Geography,
and History.

Time for primary school
• Children have to go to school 5 days a week.
• The school day begins at 9:00 AM.
• The day usually finishes at 3:30 PM.
• Children at primary school usually have only one teacher for all of
their classes primary school teachers in the UK have to be able to
teach all subjects, for example Mathematics, English and Science
(Grade teaching).

Secondary schools
oAfter six years of primary
education children take exams in
core subjects and go to a secondary
school.
oCompulsory secondary education
begins when children are 11 or 12
and lasts for 5 years.
oMost children go to state
comprehensive schools. Parents do
not pay for their education. It is
free.

Secondary Schools Cont. …
There are also about 500 private schools in Great Britain. Most of these
schools are boarding ones, where children live as well as study.
Education in such schools is very expensive, that's why only around 5
percent of schoolchildren attend to Private schools.
 The most famous British private schools are Eton, Harrow and
Winchester.
Secondary school children study English, Mathematics, Science, History,
Art, Geography, Music, Foreign language, Physical training and
Religious education.
 English, Mathematics and Science are "core" subjects. At the age of 7,
11 and 14 students take examinations in the core subjects.

Secondary Schools Cont. …
After five years of secondary education, pupils take GCSE (General
Certificate of Secondary Education) examination. About 60 % of
children leave school and go to colleges for further education.
 40 % of pupils study for 2 more years for "A' (Advanced) Level
Exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to get a place at one
of British universities.

Types of Schools in UK
In UK there are two different types of schools.
• State schools.
• Private schools.
State schools are divided into the following types;
• Grammar schools: Provides students' academic courses.
• Technical schools: Most courses there are either commercial or
technical.
• Modern schools: Boys and girls who are interested in working with
their hands and learning in a practical way can go to a Modern
schools.
• Comprehensive schools: These schools usually combine all types of
secondary education.

Further Education
 Further education may be used in a general sense to cover all non-advanced
courses taken after the period of compulsory education. It is post-
compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school),
that is distinct from the education offered in universities (higher education).
 Once a student finishes secondary education they have the option to extend
into further education to take their A-Levels, GNVQ's, BTEC's or other
such qualifications. UK students planning to go to college or university
must complete further education.
 The majority of 16-year-olds will continue onto A levels and then onto
higher education aged 18. Fewer than half of all 16-year-olds are taking A
levels and only a third of 18-year-olds are in Higher Education.
(Education System in the UK, 2011; Robinson & David, 2019)

Higher Education, Universities and Colleges in UK
Education in the UK, considered one of the best in the world. Superb
Colleges and Universities, where the choice of courses is almost
unlimited.
Higher education begins at 18 and usually lasts 3 or 4 years.
Students go to universities, polytechnics or colleges of higher education.
Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds,
Edinburgh, Warwick, College London, Southampton etc.

Open University
The OU was established in 1969 and the first
students enrolled in January 1971. The
University administration is based at Walton
Hall, Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, but
has regional centers in each of its thirteen
regions around the United Kingdom.
(Mcisaac & Gunawardena, 1989)
As of 2019, over 120,000 students are learning
through this university, including 10,000 from
more than 157 countries.
Motto: Learn and Live
(http://www.openuniversity.edu/news)

Gap Year
Taking a gap year between school and university is quite common in
the UK. Young people in formal education usually take a gap year
when they are about 18 years old, before going to university.
Many gap year students choose to do voluntary work. This could
include tracking in the mountains in Nepal, a conservation project in
Madagascar, an expedition in Costa Rica or an internship in Japan.
(British Council, 2017)

Student’s Grading System
In UK the GCSE grading system
has been changed since September
2017. Before letters (A* to G)
were in practice, now these letters
are replaced by figures (9 to 1).
Where, 1 is the lowest and 9 is the
highest grade.
(Gcses, 2020).

Legal Provision
Although the United Kingdom has no written national constitution setting out
the fundamental principles on which the rights and responsibilities of citizens
are derived. The following bills and acts have been passed related to the UK's
education system;
• Robert Peel's bill of 1802.
• The Parochial School bill of 1815.
• The Parliamentary Committee of 1816.
• The Elementary Education Enquiry 1833.
• The Factory Bill of 1843.
• The Kay Plan of 1846.
• W. J. Fox Bill of 1850.
• The Royal Commission of 1858.
• The Act of 1870.
• The Royal Commission of 1886.

Legal Provision Cont. …
Education Act of 1944 / Butler Act (The most important Act in the UK) The
1944 act has been followed by several amending acts;
• Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1948.
• Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953.
• Education Act of 1959.
• Education Act of 1962
• Education Acts of 1986 and 1988
• Education (Schools) Act 1992
• Further and Higher Education Act 1992
(Chaube, SP, Chaube, 2003)

Educational Administration
The success of the educational system in the UK is largely due to individual
control and cooperation of educational committees and institutions. Every
person is responsible as a partner for the development of education. The
following are the education governing bodies in the UK;
• The Parliament
• Ministry of Education
• Department of Education
• Her- Majesty's Inspectors of schools
• Local Education Authorities
• County Education Authority
• Boards of Managers and Governors
(Sharma, 2005).

Corona Virus (COVID-19) Guidelines
The Government of United Kingdom, Department for Education (DfE) announced guidelines, and advices
for students, teachers, parents, staff, and carers during the pandemic situation. Specially following
contexts
• Guides on stay at home
• Work from home
• Limit contact with others
• Kipping social distances (2m if possible)
• Washing hands
• Working Safely
• Mass gathering
• Health well being
• shielding and protected people
• Taking Swab Sample
• Attending or arranging funeral
• Teaching learning activities at home for different age and need based children (Material and Medias)
Department For Education GOV.UK, 2020)

Conclusion
Educational
System in UK
Equal Educational
Opportunity
Compulsory
Education from 5
to 16 Years Old
Free Education to
All Students
Highly Educated
Society

References
• British Council. (2017). Read UK : Gap year. Learn English Teens.
www.britishcouncil.org
• Chaube, SP, Chaube, A. (2003). Comparative Education (Second). Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd.
• Chue, B. M. (2009). Published on. Asco, January, 5–7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00969696
• Department for Education. (2015). Education and training statistics for the UK: 2015 -
Publications - GOV.UK. November, 1–14.
https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/education-and-training-statistics-for-the-united-
kingdom-2015
• Education System in the UK. (2011). 5, 1–4.
• European Commission. (2010). The organization of the education system in the United
Kingdom – Northern Ireland ENG / WLS / NIR.
• Gcses, F. (2020). Is your child studying for GCSEs ? Top facts about the new GCSEs
Timetable for changes to GCSEs. May 2019, 5–6.
• Machin, S., & Vignoles, A. (2006). Edu education Policy in the UK. Centre for the
Economics of Education London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A
2AE.

References
• Nuffic. (2010). The education system in the United Kingdom. www.nuffic.nl/en/subjects/copyright
• Robinson, D., & David, S. (2019). Further Education Pathway. Educational Policy Institute, 1–60.
• Sharma, R. N. (2005). Comparative Education (First). Subject Publications, 7- K, Kolpur Road,
Kamalnagar.
• Voskresenski, K., Deretić, O., & Voskresenski, V. (2012). Education System In The United Kingdom Of
Great Britain And Northern Ireland And Its Implications On The Education System In The Republic Of
Serbia. 1(1), 23–31.
• West, A. (2015). Education policy and governance in England under the Coalition government (2010-
15): Academies, the pupil premium, and free early education. London Review of Education, 13(2), 21–
36. https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.13.2.03
• White, J. (2006). The aims of school education. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research
Ethics JERHRE, 5(2), i. http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/1767/
• World Health. (2014). United Kingdom - Country Profile. World Health Organisation, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137307545.0005
• https://www.gov.uk/guidance/supporting-your-childrens-education-during-coronavirus-covid-19.
• Mcisaac, M. S., & Gunawardena, C. N. (1989). 13. distance education.

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