Chemistery in every day life
- 1. CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE A Seminar Presentation Department of chemistry By SUPRIYA SINGH
- 3. CHEMISTRY • Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
- 4. INTRODUCATION • Chemistry is a big part of our everyday life. we find chemistry in daily life in the foods we eat, the air we breathe, cleaning chemicals, our emotions and literally every object we can see or touch. • There are several use of chemistry in every day life • When we wakeup in early morning we start from chemistry i.e-toothpaste • And till night we go to bed we use mosquito coil • Even we people are made up of chemistry our origin is chemistry i.e-atom, molecule, enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, DNA etc.
- 5. • our body is mostly water which is hydrogen and oxygen. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulphur sodium, chlorine, and magnesium,All are necessary to life. • Your emotions that we feel are a result of chemical messengers, primarily neurotransmitters. Love, jealousy, envy, infatuation and infidelity all share a basis in chemistry. The sweaty palms and pounding heart of infatuation are caused by higher than normal levels of norepinephrine. Meanwhile, the ‘high’ of being in love is due to a rush of phenethylamine and dopamine.
- 6. In daily life our basic need have been based on chemistry some example are:- • Tooth paste • brush • Soap • Detergent • Cleaning agent • Perfume • Cosmetic • Pen • paper • Polybag • Drugs etc
- 7. • There are several endless topic for discuss but we will proceed through drug because it is used in daily life • Every person are suffering physical and mental problem and we have so advance technology in field of drug so we can use for early treatment
- 8. DRUGS (medicinal) • A drug is any substance that when inhaled injected ,smoked consumed absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body • A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being
- 9. MODE OF ACTION • specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. • drug binds with an enzyme or receptor • Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there. • Drugs that do not bind to receptors produce their corresponding therapeutic effect by simply interacting with chemical or physical properties in the body. Common examples of drugs that work in this way are antacids and laxatives
- 10. MODE OF ACTION
- 11. ANTACIDS • An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach • Over production of acid in the stomach causes irritation and pain. • In severe cases, ulcers are developed in the stomach. • Treatment for acidity was administration of antacids, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate or a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide. Metal hydroxides are better alternatives because of being insoluble, • These do not increase the pH above neutrality. • The drug cimetidine (Tegamet), was designed to prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall. This resulted in release of lesser amount of acid. • The importance of the drug was so much that it remained the largest selling drug in the world until another drug, ranitidine (Zantac), was discovered.
- 13. MODE OF ACTION • Antacids contain alkaline ions that chemically neutralize stomach gastric acid, reducing damage and relieving pain.
- 15. ANTIPYRETIC • Antipyretics are substances that reduce fever • The most common antipyretics ibuprofen and aspirin, which are non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used primarily as analgesics (pain relievers), but which also have antipyretic properties; and acetaminophen ( paracetamol), an analgesic with weak anti-inflammatory properties
- 16. PARACETAMOL • Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen or APAP, is a medicine used to treat pain and fever It is typically used for mild to moderate pain relief. • It is often sold in combination with other medications, such as in many cold medications.
- 17. PARACETAMOL (chemical composition) • Paracetamol consists of a benzene ring core, substituted by one hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of an amide group in the para (1,4) pattern, • The amide group is acetamide (ethanamide)
- 18. ASPIRIN • Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation • Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death by diluting blood • It also use in blood clots and certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. • Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and works similar to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets
- 19. ASPIRIN (chemical composition) • The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction. • Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's hydroxyl group into an ester group (R-OH → R-OCOCH3). • This process yields aspirin and acetic acid, which is considered a byproduct of this reaction. Small amounts of sulfuric acid (and occasionally phosphoric acid) are almost always used as a catalyst.
- 20. NEUROLOGICALACTIVE DRUG (a)TRANQUILIZERS • A tranquilizer refers to a drug which is designed for the treatment of anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and disturbances of the mind specifically to reduce states of anxiety and tension • Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. • These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. • They form an essential component of sleeping pills.
- 21. COMMON TRANUILIZER • Iproniazid and phenelzine are two such drugs. Some tranquilizers namely, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate, are relatively mild tranquilizers suitable for relieving tension. Equanil is used in controlling depression and hypertension.
- 22. ANALGESICS • Analgesics Medicines used for getting relief from pain are called analgesics. • These are of two types : 1. Narcotics Drugs which produce sleep and unconsciousness are called narcotics. • These are habit forming drugs. For example, morphine and codeine. Morphine diacetylation is commonly known as heroin. • 2. Non-narcotics These are non-habit forming chemicals which reduce mild to moderate headache, toothache, muscle and joint pain, etc. • These are also termed as non-addictive. These drugs do not produce sleep unconsciousness. Aspirin (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is most commonly used analgesic with antipyretic properties. • Now these days because its anti-blood clotting action, aspirin is widely used to heart-attacks.
- 24. ANTIMICROBIAL • Diseases in human beings and animals may be caused by a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi and other pathogens. An antimicrobial tends to destroy/prevent development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria (antibacterial drugs), fungi (antifungal agents), virus (antiviral agents), or other parasites (antiparasitic drugs) selectively. • Antibiotics • antiseptics and • disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs.
- 25. ANTIBIOTICS • These are the substances (produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis) • which in low concentrations inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them by intervening in their metabolic processes. • Antibiotics are of two types : • 1. Bactericidal antibiotics have (killing) effect on microbes. For example, penicillin, ofloxacin, amino glycosides, etc. • 2. Bacteriostatic antibiotics have a static (inhibitory) effect on microbes. For example, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc • Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered (by Alexander Fleming) in 1929
- 26. ANTIBIOTIC (Chloramphenicol) • Chloramphenicol, isolated in 1947, is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and hence can be given orally in case of typhoid, dysentery, acute fever, certain form of urinary infections, meningitis and pneumonia. Vancomycin and ofloxacin are the other important broad spectrum antibiotics.
- 27. ANTISEPTICS • Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis.
- 28. COMMON ANTISEPTIC • Alcohols, including ethanol and 2-propanol/isopropanol are sometimes referred to as surgical spirit They are used to disinfect the skin before injections are given, among other uses. • Chlorhexidine gluconate is used as a skin antiseptic and to treat inflammation of the gums (gingivitis). • Hydrogen peroxide is used as a 6% (20 Vols) solution to clean wounds and ulcers. More commonly, 3% solutions of hydrogen peroxide have been used in household first aid for scrapes • Dettol • soframycin
- 29. DETTOL • Chloroxylenol, also known as para-chloro-meta- xylenol (PCMX), • It is an antiseptic and disinfectant which is used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments • It is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound cleaner. It is less effective than some other available agents. It is available as a liquid. • Most effective against Gram-positive bacteria It works by disruption of the cell wall and stopping the function of enzymes.
- 30. DISINFECTANT • Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments, etc. Same substances can act as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant by varying the concentration. For example, 0.2 per cent solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant. Chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous solution and sulphur dioxide in very low concentrations, are disinfectants.
- 31. EFFECT OF DRUG • Drug use can also lead to an addiction. An addiction is a long-lasting brain disorder. People with an addiction can't stop taking drugs on their own. They continue to use drugs even when they know that bad things can happen. • The first signs of an overdose include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, sweating, and confusion or weakness. Later symptoms may include pain in your upper stomach, dark urine, and yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes.
- 32. THANK YOU