Test
- 1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e Chapter 1 Introducing Hardware
- 2. Objectives • Learn that a computer requires both hardware and software to work • Learn about the many different hardware components inside of and connected to a computer A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 2
- 3. Hardware Needs Software to Work • Hardware – Computer’s physical components • Monitor, keyboard, memory, hard drive • Software – Instruction set • Directs hardware to accomplish a task – Uses hardware for four basic functions • Input, processing, storage, output • Hardware components – Require an electrical system A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 3
- 4. Figure 1-1 Computer activity consists of input, processing, storage, and output Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 4
- 5. Hardware Needs Software to Work (cont’d.) • User interaction with computer – User and software communicate with input device – Hardware uses two states: on and off Figure 1-2 All communication, storage, and processing of data inside a computer are in binary form until presented as output to the user Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 5
- 6. Hardware Needs Software to Work (cont’d.) • Binary number system – Stores and reads two states • Zero or one – Bit: binary digit • Value of zero or one – Nibble: four bits – Byte: eight bits – Used for counting, calculation, storage operations • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) – Used for storing information A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 6
- 7. Figure 1-3 All letters and numbers are stored in a computer as a series of bits, each represented in the computer as on or off Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 7
- 8. PC Hardware Components • Input/output (I/O) devices: external to the case • Processing, storage devices: internal to the case • Central processing unit (CPU) – Also called: processor, microprocessor – Reads input, processes data, writes data to storage • Elements required by I/O, storage devices – Method for CPU to communicate with the device – Software to instruct, control the device – Electricity to power the device A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 8
- 9. Hardware Used for Input and Output • I/O device communication with computer components – Wireless – Cabled using a port • Access point located in back or front of case • Primary input devices – Keyboard, mouse • Requires electricity from inside case • Primary output devices – Monitor: visually displays primary computer output – Printer: produces paper output (hard copy) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 9
- 10. Figure 1-4 Input/output devices connect to the computer case by ports usually found on the back of the case Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 10
- 11. Figure 1-5 The keyboard and the mouse are the two most popular input devices Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e Figure 1-6 The two most popular output devices are the monitor and the printer Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning 11
- 12. Figure 1-7 Two video connectors and two connectors used by a printer Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 12
- 13. Hardware Inside the Computer Case • Storage and processing occurs in the case • Internal devices common to most computers – – – – Motherboard containing CPU, memory, other parts Hard drive, optical drive for permanent storage Power supply with power cords supplying electricity Adapter cards for internal and external communication – Cables to connect devices • Adapter card installed in expansion slots • Cable types – Data (communication) and power A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 13
- 14. Figure 1-8 Inside the computer case Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 14
- 15. The Motherboard • Largest, most important circuit board – Main board or system board – Contains the CPU, expansion slots, other devices • Motherboard component categories – Processing, temporary storage, communication, power • All devices communicate with motherboard CPU • Peripheral device links to motherboard via cable • Motherboard ports may be outside of the case – Keyboard, mouse, parallel, USB ports, sound ports A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 15
- 16. Figure 1-9 All hardware components are either located on the motherboard or directly or indirectly connected to it because they must all communicate with the CPU Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 16
- 17. Figure 1-10 A motherboard provides ports for common I/O devices Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 17
- 18. The Processor and the Chipset • CPU – Chip inside the computer – Performs most data processing • Chipset – Group of microchips controlling data flow • Personal computer (PC) – Focus of this text • Major CPU, chipsets manufacturers – Intel Corporation, AMD A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 18
- 19. Figure 1-11 The processor is hidden underneath the fan and the heat sink, which keep it cool Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 19
- 20. Storage Devices • Primary storage (main memory) – Temporary storage used by the processor • Secondary storage (permanent storage) – Enables data to persist after machine turned off – Examples: hard drive, CD, DVD, USB drive • Primary-secondary memory relationship analogy – Library book stacks: permanent storage – Books moved to a desk: temporary storage A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 20
- 21. Figure 1-12 Memory is a temporary place to hold instructions and data while the CPU processes both Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 21
- 22. Primary Storage • Provided by random access memory (RAM) – Located on motherboard, adapter cards • RAM chips – – – – Embedded on small board Plugs into motherboard Most common: dual inline memory module (DIMM) Video memory: embedded on video card • Volatile memory • Non-volatile memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 22
- 23. Figure 1-13 A DIMM holds RAM and is mounted directly on a motherboard Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 23
- 24. Secondary Storage • Remote storage locations containing data and instructions – Cannot be directly processed by CPU – Permanent • Hard drives – Main secondary computer storage device – Magnetic hard drives • Use Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) – Solid state drive (SSD) • Use nonvolatile flash memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 24
- 25. Figure 1-15 Hard drive with sealed cover removed Courtesy: Seagate Technologies LLC Figure 1-16 Four SSD drives Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 25
- 26. Secondary Storage (cont’d.) • Hard drives (cont’d.) – ATA (AT Attachment) standard • Specifies motherboard-hard drive interface • Types: serial ATA (SATA), parallel ATA (PATA) – Serial ATA standard • External SATA (eSATA) • Usually two to eight SATA and eSATA connectors – Parallel ATA (PATA) • Slower than SATA • Two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables • Accommodates up to four IDE devices A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 26
- 27. Figure 1-18 Using a parallel ATA interface, a motherboard has two IDE connectors, each of which can accommodate two devices; a hard drive usually connects to the motherboard using the primary IDE connector Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 27
- 28. Figure 1-19 Two IDE devices connected to a motherboard using both IDE connections and two cables Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 28
- 29. Figure 1-20 This system has a CD-ROM and a Zip drive sharing the secondary IDE cable and a hard drive using the primary IDE cable Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 29
- 30. Secondary Storage (cont’d.) • Optical drives – RW can write to a disk – ROM (read-only memory) can only read a disc Figure 1-22 This CD drive is an EIDE device and connects to the motherboard by way of an IDE data cable Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 30
- 31. Secondary Storage (cont’d.) • USB flash drives and memory cards – Popular, nonvolatile flash memory chips – Compact; easy to use; currently hold up to 64 GB of data Figure 1-24 Most laptops have a memory card slot that can accommodate an SD card Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 31
- 32. Secondary Storage (cont’d.) • Floppy drive – Older secondary storage device – 3.5-inch disk holding 1.44 MB of data – Floppy drive connector • Distinct from IDE connectors • Floppy drive cable accommodates one or two drives A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 32
- 33. Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices • Traces – Fine lines on top and bottom of the motherboard’s surface • Bus – System of pathways, transmission protocols • Data bus – Carries the data A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 33
- 34. Figure 1-27 On the bottom of the motherboard, you can see bus lines terminating at the CPU socket Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 34
- 35. Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices (cont’d.) • Binary data corresponds to voltage on the line – Voltage, lack of voltage interpreted as binary digits • Data bus sizes today – 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 bits wide – Some use error checking bit Figure 1-28 A data bus has traces or lines that carry voltage interpreted by the CPU and other devices as bits Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 35
- 36. Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices (cont’d.) • Data path size – Width of a data bus • Motherboard can have more than one bus – Main motherboard bus • Communicates with CPU, memory, chipset • Also called system bus, front side bus (FSB), memory bus, host bus, local bus, external bus • System clock – Dedicated to timing motherboard chip activities – Quartz crystal generates oscillation A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 36
- 37. Figure 1-29 The system clock is a pulsating electrical signal sent out by this component that works much like a crystal in a wristwatch (one line, or circuit, on the motherboard bus is dedicated to carrying this pulse) Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 37
- 38. Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices (cont’d.) • Devices work according to beats (or cycles) • Clock speed measured in hertz (cycles/second) – One megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second – One gigahertz (GHz): one billion cycles per second • Common ratings for motherboard buses – 2600 MHz, 2000 MHz, 1600 MHz, 1333 MHz, 1066 MHz, 800 MHz, 533 MHz, or 400 MHz • Range of CPU speeds: 166 MHz to 4 GHz • Buses for expansion slots: PCI, AGP, ISA A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 38
- 39. Figure 1-30 The lines of a bus terminate at an expansion slot where they connect to pins that connect to lines on the expansion card inserted in the slot Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 39
- 40. Figure 1-31 The one AGP slot used for a video card is set farther from the edge of the board than the PCI slots Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 40
- 41. Expansion Cards • Some names for circuits mounted in expansion slots – Circuit cards, adapter boards, expansion cards, cards • Cards that connect the CPU to an external device – – – – Video: provides a port for the monitor Sound: provides ports for speakers and microphones Network: provides a port for a network cable Modem: provides ports for phone lines • Determine a card’s function by identifying its port A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 41
- 42. Figure 1-32 This adapter card is a modem card and is mounted in a PCI slot on the motherboard Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 42
- 43. Figure 1-34 The easiest way to identify this video card is to look at the ports on the end of the card Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 43
- 44. The Electrical System • Power supply – – – – Most important electrical component Converts AC voltage external source to DC voltage Reduces voltage from 110-120 volts to 12 volts or less Runs a fan to cool the inside of the computer case • Temperatures > 185° F can cause component failure • Motherboard has 1 or 2 connections to power supply A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 44
- 45. Figure 1-36 The motherboard receives its power from the power supply by way of a 20 or 24-pin connector called the P1 connector Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 45
- 46. Instructions Stored on the Motherboard and Other Boards • BIOS (basic input/output system) – Data and instructions stored on ROM chips – ROM BIOS chips: type of firmware • Three purposes served by motherboard ROM BIOS – System BIOS: manages simple devices – Startup BIOS: starts the computer – CMOS setup: changes motherboard settings • CMOS RAM: includes date, time, port configurations • Flash ROM – ROM chips that can be overwritten A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 46
- 47. Figure 1-37 This firmware chip contains flash ROM and CMOS RAM; CMOS RAM is powered by the coin battery located near the chip Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 47
- 48. Summary • A computer comprises hardware and software • Main functions – Input, output, processing, storage • Data stored in a binary format (one or zero, on or off) • Input/output devices – Keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor • Motherboard (system board) – Contains CPU, access to other circuit boards, peripherals A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 48
- 49. Summary (cont’d.) • Primary storage (RAM): volatile • Secondary storage: nonvolatile • Parallel and serial ATA standards – Enable secondary storage devices to interface with the motherboard • Computer bus – System of communication pathways, protocols • ROM BIOS – Helps start PCs; manages simple devices; changes some motherboard settings A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e 49