2. CSE-211-Lecture-1.pdf

Apr 9, 20230 likes41 views

The digital computer uses a binary number system of 0s and 1s to represent information. It consists of hardware and software. The hardware includes the central processing unit (CPU) for data manipulation, memory for storing instructions and data, and input/output devices. The software includes programs and data manipulated by programs. The CPU, memory, and input/output processor are the three major parts connected together to form the computer system. Binary information is represented inside the computer using electrical signals that can exist in one of two states, representing the binary digits 0 and 1.

• Basics Of Digital Electronics:-
• Digital Computers:-
• The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks.
• The word digital implies that the information in the computer is represented by variables that take a
limited number of discrete values.
• The decimal digits 0, 1, 2, ... , 9, for example, provide 10 discrete values.
• Digital components that are constrained to take discrete values are constrained to take only two
values and are said to be binary.

Digital computers use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1.
A binary digit is called a bit.
A computer system is sometimes subdivided into two functional entities: hardware and software.
The hardware of the computer consists of all the electronic components that comprise the physical
entity of the device. -{monitors, CPU}
Computer software consists of the instructions and data that the computer manipulates to perform
various data-processing tasks.-{Google Chrome etc.}
Program: A sequence of instructions for the computer is called a program.
The data that are manipulated by the program constitute the data base.

The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts, as shown in Fig. 1-1. The
central processing unit (CPU) contains an arithmetic and logic unit for manipulating data, a number of
registers for storing data, and control circuits for fetching and executing instructions.
The memory of a computer contains storage for instructions and data. It is called a random access
memory (RAM) because the CPU can access any location in memory at random and retrieve the binary
information within a fixed interval of time.
The input and output processor (IOP) contains electronic circuits for communicating and controlling
the transfer of information between the computer and the outside world. The input and output devices
connected to the computer include keyboards, printers.

Computer organization is concerned with the way the hardware components operate
and the way they are connected together to form the computer system.
Compute design is concerned with the hardware design of the computer. Once the
computer specifications are formulated, it is the task of the designer to develop
hardware for the system.
Computer architecture is concerned with the instruction and behavior of the computer
as seen by the user.
It includes the information formats, the instruction set etc.
The architectural design of a computer system is concerned with the specifications of
the various functional modules, such as processors and memories, and structuring them
together into a computer system.

Binary information is represented in digital computers by physical quantities called signals .
Electrical signals such as voltages exist throughout the computer in either one of two
recognizable states.
The two states represent a binary variable that can be equal to 1 or 0.

This document provides an introduction to computer organization and architecture. It defines key concepts such as digital computers, computer hardware, software, and computer organization. It also describes the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and memory. Additionally, it explains register transfer language and different types of micro-operations including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. The document uses diagrams and examples to illustrate computer hardware components and how information is transferred between registers and memory.

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This document provides an introduction to computer systems, including an overview of computer architecture and hardware/software components. It discusses how computers represent data using binary numbers and different number systems. It also defines different types of computers based on their speed and power, from personal computers to supercomputers. The document outlines the basic components of a computer system, including that the hardware system allows a computer to accept input, process and store data, and produce outputs through both external and internal physical parts. It also explains that software includes operating systems and application programs that allow users to interact with the hardware through a defined architecture.

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2. CSE-211-Lecture-1.pdf

1. •Welcome !

2. • Basics Of Digital Electronics:- • Digital Computers:- • The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. • The word digital implies that the information in the computer is represented by variables that take a limited number of discrete values. • The decimal digits 0, 1, 2, ... , 9, for example, provide 10 discrete values. • Digital components that are constrained to take discrete values are constrained to take only two values and are said to be binary.

3. Digital computers use the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit. A computer system is sometimes subdivided into two functional entities: hardware and software. The hardware of the computer consists of all the electronic components that comprise the physical entity of the device. -{monitors, CPU} Computer software consists of the instructions and data that the computer manipulates to perform various data-processing tasks.-{Google Chrome etc.} Program: A sequence of instructions for the computer is called a program. The data that are manipulated by the program constitute the data base.

4. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts, as shown in Fig. 1-1. The central processing unit (CPU) contains an arithmetic and logic unit for manipulating data, a number of registers for storing data, and control circuits for fetching and executing instructions. The memory of a computer contains storage for instructions and data. It is called a random access memory (RAM) because the CPU can access any location in memory at random and retrieve the binary information within a fixed interval of time. The input and output processor (IOP) contains electronic circuits for communicating and controlling the transfer of information between the computer and the outside world. The input and output devices connected to the computer include keyboards, printers.

5. Block diagram of a digital computer

6. Computer organization is concerned with the way the hardware components operate and the way they are connected together to form the computer system. Compute design is concerned with the hardware design of the computer. Once the computer specifications are formulated, it is the task of the designer to develop hardware for the system. Computer architecture is concerned with the instruction and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. It includes the information formats, the instruction set etc. The architectural design of a computer system is concerned with the specifications of the various functional modules, such as processors and memories, and structuring them together into a computer system.

7. Binary information is represented in digital computers by physical quantities called signals . Electrical signals such as voltages exist throughout the computer in either one of two recognizable states. The two states represent a binary variable that can be equal to 1 or 0.

2. CSE-211-Lecture-1.pdf

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