Introduction to Aviation Industry.pptx
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION by Dr. Y. Vinodhini
- 2. Overview of Aviation • Once upon a time people started to travel by feet, and then to cross an ocean they developed ships, next they innovated trains, then they dreamt of travelling by air. This idea lead to initiation to innovate airplane. • Today this industry provides with safe, comfortable, secure travel experience from one destination to other. This industry is the new passion for people to travel. It also increases foreign exchange and contributes to (GDP) • The aviation sector is growing fast and will continue to grow. The most recent estimates suggest that demand for air transport will increase by an average of 4.3% per annum over the next 20 years.
- 3. Meaning and Genesis of Aviation • Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as hot air balloons and airships. In a nutshell, Aviation means all the activities related to flying the aircraft • Aviation comes from the Latin word avis meaning "bird," an appropriate translation given that aviation deals with travel by air, specifically in a plane. The aviation industry is the business sector dedicated to manufacturing and operating all types of aircraft.
- 4. The term Aviation •The term aviation, stem from Latin avis "bird" with suffixation meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812– 1886) in "Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons". Father of Aviation •Sir George Cayley In 1799, the man known as the “Father of Aviation” drew up the earliest known plans for an aircraft that used a fixed-wing design with separate mechanisms for lift and thrust.
- 5. First Flights •On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright capped four years of research and design efforts with a 120-foot, 12-second flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina - the first powered flight in a heavier-than-air machine. Prior to that, people had flown only in balloons and gliders.
- 6. The first person to fly •The first person to fly as a passenger was Leon Delagrange, who rode with French pilot Henri Farman from a meadow outside of Paris in 1908. Charles Furnas became the first American airplane passenger when he flew with Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk later that year.
- 7. The first scheduled air service • The first scheduled air service began in Florida on January 1, 1914. Glenn Curtiss had designed a plane that could take off and land on water and thus could be built larger than any plane to date, because it did not need the heavy undercarriage required for landing on hard ground. Thomas Benoist, an auto parts maker, decided to build such a flying boat, or seaplane, for a service across Tampa Bay called the St. Petersburg - Tampa Air Boat Line. His first passenger was ex-St. Petersburg Mayor A.C. Pheil, who made the 18-mile trip in 23 minutes, a considerable improvement over the two-hour trip by boat. The single-plane service accommodated one passenger at a time, and the company charged a one-way fare of $5. After operating two flights a day for four months, the company folded with the end of the winter tourist season
- 8. Aviation Terminology •The terminology used in aviation is the whole of the concepts and codes uttered by the pilot, co-pilot, flight attendant, cabin crew, tower, traffic controller, etc. during a flight. • All other occupations have their own jargon. However, it is different in the aviation industry. This is a result caused by the necessity of global standardization. Everybody uses the same jargon all around the world so that each pilot can communicate with the air traffic control towers. Everybody in this sector required to have sufficient knowledge of the terminology and the passengers are entitled to know the ones regarding the flights, such as boarding or check-in.
- 9. Air transport: Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight.
- 10. Benefits of air transport Airplanes can cover long distances in a matter of hours, enabling businesses to deliver goods quickly, especially for time- sensitive orders. This swift transportation option is particularly beneficial for industries such as e-commerce, pharmaceuticals, and perishable goods.
- 11. Brief about Chicago Convention •The Chicago Convention (also known as the Convention on International Civil Aviation), established the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel. •The Convention was signed by 52 states on 7 December 1944 in Chicago, U.S., and came into effect on 4 April 1947. •It establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel.
- 12. Contd… Brief about Chicago Convention •The Convention also exempts air fuels from tax. •The Convention provided for the sovereignty of airspace above the territory of each state, together with five freedoms (later expanded to nine by the addition of four unofficial freedoms) which govern the freedom of states to operate air transport flights (including the carriage of passengers, cargo and mail) across, into and within the airspace of other states.
- 13. Regulatory Body: Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS): •It was initially set up as a Cell in the Directorate General of Civil Aviation in January 1978 on the recommendation of the Pande Committee. •It was reorganized into an independent department under the Ministry of Civil Aviation on 1st April 1987. •The main responsibilities of BCAS include laying down standards and measures with respect to the security of civil flights at international and domestic airports in India.
- 14. Contd….Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS): •Headquarters: New Delhi •It has got four Regional Offices located at International airports i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. •The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) recently cited the security advisory issued on the basis of the threat perception to the opposition raised by the passengers about the double metal- detector-based checking at the airports.
- 15. Functions of BCAS(Bureau of Civil Aviation Security ) •Laying down Aviation Security Standards in accordance with Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for airport operators, airline operators, and their security agencies responsible for implementing AVSEC(Aviation Security Awareness Course) measures. •Monitoring the implementation of security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs.
- 16. Contd… Functions of BCAS(Bureau of Civil Aviation Security ) •Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all competencies required to perform their duties. •Planning and coordination of Aviation security matters. •Surprise/Dummy checks to test the professional efficiency and alertness of security staff. •Mock exercise to test the efficacy of Contingency Plans and operational preparedness of the various agencies.
- 17. The Aviation Alphabet and Numbers •To help avoid confusion with similar sounding consonants and numbers, in March 1956 the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted a standard phonetic alphabet for aviation use: •Alpha, Bravo, Charli, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, PaPa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.
- 19. contd..The Aviation Alphabets and Numbers •Pilots pronounce numbers similar to regular English, with a few exceptions: •The number three (3) is pronounced “tree.” •The number five (5) is pronounced “fife.” •The number nine (9) is pronounced “niner.”
- 20. Common Words and Phrases some words and phrases and what they mean. •Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS — ATIS is recorded information on curren weather and airport information, such as runways in use. Each ATIS recording has an alpha-numeric designator to distinguish it from the previous message. For example, “ATIS information Foxtrot is current.”
- 21. Contd…Common Words and Phrases •Squawk — Squawk refers to an aircraft’s transponder code, which can be either a standard code (1200 for visual flight rules — VFR) or a discrete code assigned by Air Traffic Control. Squawk can be used as a noun (Say your assigned squawk), an adjective (Squawk code is 2345), or as a verb (Squawk 5423). •Mayday — Mayday — meaning emergency —The word is derived from the French term "m’aidez" meaning help me. •R: "Romeo." Today, it is still the simple
- 22. Key Facts about Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA): •It is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation, primarily dealing with safety issues. •It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness standards. •The DGCA also coordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). •The headquarters are located in New Delhi with regional offices in the various parts of India.
- 23. Functions of DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION • 1. Registration of civil aircraft; • 2. Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such aircraft; • 3. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engineers, and conducting examinations and checks for that purpose; • 4. Licensing of air traffic controllers; • 5. Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities;(Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM))
- 24. Contd.. DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION • Maintaining a check on the proficiency of flight crew, and also of other operational personnel such as flight dispatchers and cabin crew; 7. Granting of Air Operator’s Certificates to Indian carriers and regulation of air transport services operating to/from/within/over India by Indian and foreign operators, including clearance of scheduled and non‐scheduled flights of such operators; • 8. Conducting investigation into incidents and serious incidents involving aircraft upto 2250 kg AUW (All Up Weight) and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management Programmes; •
- 25. Contd.. DGCA • 9. Carrying out amendments to the Aircraft Act, the Aircraft Rules and the Civil Aviation Requirements for complying with the amendments to ICAO Annexes, and initiating proposals for amendment to any other Act or for passing a new Act in order to give effect to an international Convention or amendment to an existing Convention; • 10. Coordination of ICAO matters with all agencies and sending replies to State Letters, and taking all necessary action arising out of the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) of ICAO; • 11. Supervision of the institutes/clubs/schools engaged in flying training including simulator training, AME training or any other training related with aviation, with a view to ensuring a high quality of training;
- 26. Contd.. DGCA • 12. Granting approval to aircraft maintenance, repair and manufacturing organizations and their continued oversight; •13. To act as a nodal agency for implementing Annex 9 provisions in India and for coordinating matters relating to facilitation at Indian airports including holding meetings of the National Facilitation Committee; Rev. 1, 17th December 2012 2 •14. Rendering advice to the Government on matters relating to air transport including bilateral air services agreements, on ICAO matters and generally on all technical matters relating to civil aviation, and to act as an overall regulatory and developmental body for civil aviation in the country
- 27. Contd.. DGCA • 15.Coordination at national level for flexi‐use of air space by civil and military air traffic agencies and interaction with ICAO for provision of more air routes for civil use through Indian air space; • 16. Keeping a check on aircraft noise and engine emissions in accordance with ICAO Annex 16 and collaborating with the environmental authorities in this matter, if required; • 17. Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components by acting as a catalytic agent; • 18. Approving training programmes of operators for carriage of dangerous goods, issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods, etc. • 19. Safety Oversight of all entities approved/ certified/ licensed under the Aircraft Rules 1937.
- 28. Profitability •The net profits of commercial airlines world wide fluctuated over the period due to pandemic and those companies reported significant losses of 137.7 and 42 billion US dollars between 2020 and 2021 due to pandemic(coronavirus) •According to the source commercial airlines expected to register a net profit of 4.7 billions in 2023 This will be the first positive earning since 2020(source: statista.com)
- 29. Profitability • The net profit of commercial airlines worldwide fluctuated over the period given specifically those companies reported significant losses •In 2023 the global market size of the industry was estimated at just under 841.5 billon US dollars a 7 percent increase in the value from the year before. Amid the corona virus pandemic the airline industry was one of the most affected businesses worldwide. However the newly implemented measures such as passenger distancing, digital immunity passports and contact tracing ensured the resilience of the airline industry. As of 2023 the size of the global airline industry was just 3 percent lower than 2019 value
- 30. IATA(International Air Transport Association (IATA) •The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the professional association of the world’s airlines. •IATA was founded in 1945. It currently comprises 290 airlines from 117 countries, accounting for more than 80% of total air traffic. •One of its tasks is to promote cooperation to ensure the safety, security and reliability of air services.
- 31. IATA Objectives • They were also the architects of the three-digit airport codes used internationally. •In summary, following objectives of the International Air Transport Association (IATA): Air transport is one of the means of transportation that has grown the most in recent years. For the logistics sector, the airplane has been a way to better meet its needs. •Air transport is a highly diversified sector that is growing all the time. To understand air transport within the logistics sector, it is necessary to know what IATA is and its importance for the management of international air transport.
- 32. In summary, following objectives of the International Air Transport Association (IATA):are as follows •Promote the development and growth of international air transportation. •Promote and guarantee collaboration between the different international air transport companies. •Strengthen safety within all areas of air transportation. •Creation of international air traffic rules and regulations.
- 33. Contd….IATA Objectives •Promote the development and growth of international air transportation. •Promote and guarantee collaboration between the different international air transport companies. •Strengthen safety within all areas of air transportation. •Creation of international air traffic rules and regulations.
- 34. IATA PHONETICS Understanding Aviation Language •Whether an experienced pilot, a rookie, or a co-pilot, it’s important to understand the language of aviation. •The language of aviation came about from a need for safety. To avoid pilots and controllers mishearing each other and potentially creating an accident, a language of aviation terms and phrases were compiled in the Pilot/Controller Glossary
- 35. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) •The constitution of ICAO is the Convention on International Civil Aviation, drawn up by a conference in Chicago in November and December 1944, and to which each ICAO Contracting State is a party. This Convention is also known as the Chicago Convention. In October 1947, ICAO became a specialised agency of the newly-established United Nations. The Chicago Convention set down the purpose of ICAO:
- 36. current President of the ICAO Council. Salvatore Sciacchitano Salvatore Sciacchitano is the sixth and current President of the ICAO Council. He was re-elected for his second term beginning 1 January 2023, and will serve through 31 December 2025.
- 37. Contd…(ICAO) WHEREAS the future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse can become a threat to the general security; and
- 38. Contd…(ICAO) •WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that co-operation between nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world depends; THEREFORE, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that international air transport services may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economically;” •There are currently 193 Member States
- 39. ICAO is responsible for: •Safety •Registration •Airworthiness •Prevention of economic waste •Fair competition •Standardisation •Aviation Law
- 40. Functioning of ICAO The following description is given by ICAO itself: •"According to the terms of the Convention, the Organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council of limited membership with various subordinate bodies and a Secretariat. The Chief Officers are the President of the Council and the Secretary General. •The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years, reviewing in detail the work of the Organization and setting policy for the coming
- 41. Contd.. Functioning of ICAO •The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years, reviewing in detail the work of the Organization and setting policy for the coming years. It also votes a triennial budget.
- 42. Contd.. Functioning of ICAO • The Council, the governing body which is elected by the Assembly for a three-year term, is composed of 36 States. The Assembly chooses the Council Member States under three headings: States of chief importance in air transport, States which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for air navigation, and States whose designation will ensure that all major areas of the world are represented. As the governing body, the Council gives continuing direction to the work of ICAO.
- 43. Contd.. Functioning of ICAO It is in the Council that Standards and Recommended Practices are adopted and incorporated as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Council is assisted by the Air Navigation Commission (technical matters), the Air Transport Committee (economic matters), the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services and the Finance Committee.
- 44. Contd.. Functioning of ICAO •The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into five main divisions: the Air Navigation Bureau, the Air Transport Bureau, the Technical Co-operation Bureau, the Legal Bureau, and the Bureau of Administration and Services. In order that the work of the Secretariat shall reflect a truly international approach, professional personnel are recruited on a broad geographical basis.
- 45. Contd.. Functioning of ICAO •ICAO works in close co-operation with other members of the United Nations family such as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Universal Postal Union, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Non-governmental organisations which also participate in ICAO's work include the International Air Transport Association International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Airports Council International (ACI), the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations International Federation of AirLine Pilots Associations (IFALPA), and the International Council of Aircraft
- 46. World time zones •According to the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR), you must use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) while flying. Technically a time standard rather than a time zone, this 24-hour timing scheme never changes and ensures all pilots and Air Traffic Control (ATC) stay on the same page. •Keeping track of timezones while flying can be nearly impossible, for both passengers and pilots. That’s why UTC was created and is used by all pilots and ATC.
- 47. Time zones •Time zones have a significant impact on international travel and flight schedules. Here's how time zones affect these aspects: •Departure and Arrival Times: Time zones play a crucial role in determining departure and arrival times for international flights. Flight schedules are coordinated based on the local time at departure and arrival airports, taking into account the time differences between the origin and destination. Airlines factor in these time zone differences to ensure that flights depart
- 48. Contd…Time zones Flight Duration: Time zone differences affect the duration of international flights. As planes cross multiple time zones during a journey, the local time on board the aircraft changes accordingly. Flight duration calculations consider the time zone transitions to provide an accurate estimation of the total travel time.
- 49. Time zones …contd •Flight Planning and Coordination: Airlines and aviation authorities take time zones into account when planning flight routes and coordinating air traffic. Flight corridors, air traffic control, and airspace management consider the time zone boundaries to ensure safe and efficient international air travel
- 50. Time zones …contd Flight Connections: Time zone differences can affect flight connections during international travel. Passengers may have layovers or connecting flights in airports located in different time zones. It is essential to consider the local time at each airport to avoid scheduling conflicts or missed connections due to time zone variations.
- 51. Contd…world time zones Scheduling and Operations: Airlines and airport authorities use time zones to schedule flight departures and arrivals, allocate gate availability, and manage ground operations. Flight crew rotations, catering services, and maintenance activities are planned based on the local time of the respective airports and time zones Jet Lag: Time zone changes contribute to the experience of jet lag, which can affect passengers' well-being and adjustment upon arrival. Jet lag occurs when the body's internal circadian rhythm is disrupted due to traveling across multiple time zones. Airlines and passengers take time zone differences into account when planning activities and rest periods to help minimize the effects of jet lag.
- 52. Contd…world time zones Daylight Considerations: Time zones also impact the consideration of daylight during flight planning. Airlines may schedule flights to take advantage of daylight hours for better visibility and operational efficiency. Additionally, daylight variations across time zones can affect the timing of departure or arrival slots at specific airports
- 53. Terminal building Facilities The planner’s role in creating airport passenger terminals is very challenging. He has to keep in mind the functionality of the airport along with providing good facilities and services of the highest level to the passengers. While, constructing terminal complex – the size of the building, the budget and the time period available for the project are also very important.
- 54. Terminal building Facilities..contd The planners have to be very innovative and practical to create concession spaces for the travellers such as retail stores, shopping, retail shops etc. So, those enough opportunities are created to increase the concessions revenue. The terminals planner has to work minutely and meet out the needs of the airport client’s comma airline travellers, airport staff and other stakeholders. The air terminal should also be able to meet current requirements and future prospects keeping in mind the customer flows, aviation demand and other aspects
- 55. Aviation demand and other aspects such as •Convenience of passengers •Flexibility in terminal building •3. Security •The centralized Terminal facilities •Terminal Signage and Path finding •Accessibility of airport: •Maintenance •Concept development of terminal •The centralized Terminal facilities
- 56. The various terminal facilities or counters present on the airport are: • Check in facilities • Airport information centres • Wi-Fi and telecommunication services • Phone or computer recharge in stations • Wheelchair provision or storage for disable persons • Electric passenger carts • Passenger luggage trolleys v Baggage handling systems • Alternative electrical power arrangements for security, Communications, operations and emergency systems • Security lighting system both inside and outside of the airport
- 57. Terminal landside facility •The operations at the terminal landside facility are guided by the presence of number of passenger arrivals and departures and the cargo activity if present on the terminal. The traffic operations of the landside facilities, apart from the peaking characteristics depend on a number of things: •The vehicle speed on the airport Roadways is very slow then peripheral roadways. •Different types of vehicles transfers Roadways on the airport. •Complex routings present on the airport and multiple ways to navigate the roadway system.
- 58. Apron The airport apron, apron, flight line, or ramp is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, boarded, or maintained. There are two main types of airport apron designs: open apron and closed apron. Open apron: In an open apron design, aircraft park directly next to the terminal building and passengers walk directly across the apron to board the aircraft. This type of design is common at small airports.
- 59. About cabin crew in airline service •Airline cabin crew are responsible for the comfort, safety and welfare of passengers travelling on aircrafts during short-haul and long-haul flights. •greeting passengers as they board and exit the plane •showing passengers to their seats and providing special attention to certain passengers, such as the elderly or disabled •serving meals and refreshments •.
- 60. Cabin crew-contd.. • checking the condition and provision of emergency equipment and information for passengers • demonstrating emergency equipment and safety procedures • administering first aid • dealing with emergencies • supplying passengers with newspapers, magazines and in- flight entertainment • selling duty-free commercial goods and pursuing sales targets • producing written flight reports after completing a journey
- 61. Flight Crew in Airline Service The pilot, first officer and flight attendants usually make up the flight crew of an airplane that transports passengers. The flight crew is responsible for operation of the aircraft, from takeoff to landing. Flight crew members spend a significant amount of time away from their home base.Flight Attendants are generally responsible for ensuring passengers' safety and comfort at all times.
- 62. …contd.. Flight Crew in airline service Their duties include ensuring that the emergency equipment is working, that the cabin is clean, and that there is an adequate supply of food and beverages.The role of a flight attendant derives from that of similar positions on passenger ships or passenger trains, but it has more direct involvement with passengers because of the confined quarters on aircraft. Additionally, the job of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a much greater extent than those of similar staff on other forms of transportation.
- 63. Service industry and its characteristics A service industry provides people with intangible products or services and completes tasks that are useful to customers, clients, businesses or the general public. Service industries, unlike, for example, manufacturing and production industries, do not rely on the sale of material goods and products to earn a profit. Defining characteristics of a service are: Intangibility: Services are intangible and do not have a physical existence. Hence services cannot be touched, held, tasted or smelt. This is most defining feature of a service and that which primarily differentiates it from a product.
- 64. Service industries are an important part of society, including: •Delivering essential services to the public: Often, service industries provide essential services to the public, such as healthcare, transportation and education. •Creating positive experiences: Several service industries, including hospitality, beauty and wellness, entertainment and fitness, create positive experiences that provide emotional value and promote the well-being of those they serve.
- 65. Contd…service industry Providing employment opportunities: As manufacturing and production industries become more mechanized, the demand for service industry workers is increasing in areas such as .. •distribution and sales, creating a surplus of opportunity. The service sector offers several rewarding careers to individuals passionate about delivering important services to their community.
- 66. contd…..Service industry •Acting as an indication of economic growth: Often, a strong or growing service sector is an indicator of a healthy economy. As new services and nonmaterial goods become available to the public, service industries grow to continually serve the needs of customers and businesses, increasing this industry's impact on the global economy.
- 67. characteristics of passenger airlines •Passenger airlines can be mainline, with flights operated by the airline's central operating unit, or a regional airline that operates regionally over shorter non- intercontinental distances. Passenger airlines may also be low-cost carriers that provide basic and less expensive services •An airline can be defined as a company that offers regular services for transporting passengers or goods via the air. These companies are said to comprise the airline industry, which is also regarded as a sub-sector of the aviation sector and the wider travel industry.
- 68. Contd…Characteristics of passenger airlines • The essential components of an airplane are a wing system to sustain it in flight, tail surfaces to stabilize the wings, movable surfaces to control the attitude of the plane in flight, and a power plant to provide the thrust necessary to push the vehicle through the air. • Passenger airlines are airlines dedicated to the transport of human passengers; they typically operate a fleet of passenger aircraft that may be either owned outright by an airline company or leased from commercial aircraft sales and leasing companies • Passenger air transport. This class includes:- transport of passengers by air over regular routes and on regular schedules- charter flights for passengers- scenic and sightseeing flights.
- 69. Training and Development of Travel Agent Training and Development plays an important role in increasing professionalism in the industry of tourism and travel agency operations. On the other hand, the condition is that just like the manufacturing itself still does not have an obvious and sufficient operational framework for managinghuman resources, the training is being largely carried out in a haphazard anduncoordinated manner.
- 70. Contd.. Training and Development of Travel Agent In this volatile business environment, only that travel and tourism organization will succeed that will modify to get together the spirited fear to match the requirements of a new travel market, and will bring creativity, innovation, flexibility, willpower and professionalism into its operations. So as to meet these varying requirements, businesses and countries challenging for tourists need to make substantial efforts on training and retraining their staff for presenting high quality in service. Thus, Training and Development plays a significant function in increasing professionalism in the business of tourism and travel agency operations.
- 71. Contd..T & D of travel agent Today, the travel industry is appropriately more and more cutthroat. The part-time stage of the travel agency industry is long over. Over the last two decades, the travel companies have altered their prototype and arrangement to meet rough challenges in the worldwide tourism market. So,in this unstable business surroundings, only that travel agency will do well that will alter to meet the viable threats and opportunities to contest the needs of a new travel marketplace, and will bring creativity, innovation, flexibility, determination and professionalism into its operations. Travel agencies need tourism professionals specializing in reservation and ticketing services, dissimilar operational and administrative functions – tour planning and journey scheming, travel information, destination counselling, sales and marketing, etc. Consequently, a company’s staffing policy may not be only to focus on functional know-how but on attitudes and approaches that fit their company
- 72. Deregulation in Airline Airline Deregulation Act, approved by Congress on October 24, 1978 and signed into law four days later by President Jimmy Carter. Pressure for airline deregulation had been building for many years, particularly among economists who pointed out, in numerous studies, that unregulated intrastate airfares were substantially lower than fares for interstate flights of comparable distances. However, it was a series of developments in the mid-1970s that intensified the pressure and brought the issue to a head.
- 73. Deregulation Defined •Deregulation is the process of removing government-imposed barriers to entry or competition in a particular industry. It allows companies to enter an industry without obtaining a government license or permit. •The two main reasons for deregulation are promoting competition and lowering prices.
- 74. Deregulatation • Deregulation can also lead to lower prices for consumers. When there is more competition in an industry, companies are typically forced to lower their prices in order to attract and retain customers. • This can lead to significant savings for consumers, especially if the industry is one that they regularly use. • Benefits of Deregulation • Deregulation can have many positive effects on consumers. • It stimulates economic activity by promoting competition and allowing new companies to enter the market which leads to lower prices and more jobs. • Competition among businesses leads to improved quality of products and services. • It gives consumers more choice in the marketplace. • It can lead to increased innovation as companies compete to develop new and better products and services. • Businesses can operate without the burden of government regulations.
- 75. Deregulation…contd • Promote Competition Deregulation is intended to promote competition. By removing barriers to entry, it allows new companies to enter the market and compete agains existing companies. This can lead to improved quality of products and services. • Lower Prices Deregulation can also lead to lower prices for consumers. When there is more competition in an industry, companies are typically forced to lowe their prices in order to attract and retain customers. This can lead to significant savings for consumers, especially if the industry is one tha they regularly use.
- 76. Drawbacks of Deregulation •Deregulation can also have some negative effects. •It can lead to less competition as small companies are unable to compete against larger companies. •Consumers may pay higher prices if there is only one company providing a particular product or service. •It can lead to less regulation of important industries, such as the airline industry, which can lead to safety concerns. •Deregulation can also lead to job losses in the industries