Nepal: Climate Change and NAP’s experience
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Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate change, affecting its agriculture and economic stability, with significant costs estimated at 1.5-2% of GDP annually. The Ministry of Population and Environment is leading the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process, focusing on community-based adaptation initiatives and integrating climate finance into development planning. Key challenges include inadequate financing and the need for an efficient climate change financing framework to support sustainable development and resilience-building efforts.
Nepal: Climate Change and NAP’s experience
- 1. NEPAL Climate Change and NAP’s experience Presented by: Narayan Raj Timilsena Joint – Secretary Ministry of Population and Environment Government of Nepal
- 2. Nepal’s Climate Context • Nepal, a mountainous LDC, is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to its diverse topography, nature based livelihoods, low technical & financial capacity. • Maple croft, 2011 ranked Nepal as 4th most vulnerable countries to CC; • German watch, 2015 listed Nepal among top 20 countries that have been most affected by CC. • Estimated costs resulting from climate variability & extreme events range between 1.5–2% of GDP per year (IDS Nepal, 2014) • Agriculture constitutes 33% of GDP and 3.6 million households depend on farming, livestock, poultry, horticulture and fisheries • Ministry of Population and Environment (MoPE) – is the focal point to UNFCCC. • Nepal NAPA was submitted in 2010 and follow up NAPA projects via LDCF are currently being implemented by UNDP & FAO • MOPE is leading the formulation of NAP process in Nepal
- 3. Example: Zooming into Agriculture sector Key climate change vulnerabilities and impact in agricultural sector are: • Drought and heavy flooding • Less availability of quality seed/saplings/fingerlings • Inadequate irrigation systems • Decline in soil fertility and productivity • Increased incidence of pests and diseases • Loss of agro-biodiversity • Lack of location specific technology/research • Premature dropping of some fruits • Change in time of flowering • Lack of financial resources and technical knowhow among farmers
- 4. Climate Mainstreaming Initiatives NCCSP (guided by LAPA framework): • First significant, Government led initiative to implement Nepal's NAPA with a focus on priority area -1 • Promotes community based adaptation through integrated management of agriculture, water, forest and biodiversity sectors. • Facilitates the preparation and implementation of 100 Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) Poverty Environment Initiative (PEI): • not a stand-alone project, but has been designed to provide targeted support to ongoing Programmes • Focus on the Institutional Strengthening Support to NPC and LGCDP of MoFALD • Produced CPEIR Report, 2013, National Climate Change Budget Code, • Environment Friendly Local Governance (EFLG) Framework
- 5. In addition to PEI and NCCSP, the following projects are being implemented by GoN Climate Mainstreaming Initiatives contd… Community-based flood risk and GLOF risk reduction programme Joint undertaking of GON (DHM/MoPE), GEF & UNDP, which contributes to Nepal´s National Adaptation Plan of Action’s Profile 3 & 4 - ‘Community-Based Disaster Management for Climate Adaptation’ &‘GLOF Monitoring and Disaster Risk Reduction’. Ecosystem-based adaptation Programme (EbA) Aims to strengthen the resiliency of ecosystems and reduce the vulnerability of local communities with particular emphasis on mountain ecosystems; also aims to demonstrate EbA measures for continued provision of ecosystem services, & support in strengthening the institutional capacity of key national stakeholders to build & better integrate ecosystem resilience options in national, sub-national and local level plans. Building climate resilient watersheds in mountainous eco regions (SPCR 1) Aims to enable communities in mountainous ecosystems significantly vulnerable to Climate Change impacts to have improved access to and reliability of watershed and water resources. Building resilience to climate related hazards (SPCR 2) Aims to enhance government capacity to mitigate climate related hazards by improving the accuracy and timeliness of weather, flood forecasts and warnings for climate-vulnerable communities, as well as developing agricultural management information system services to help farmers mitigate climate-related production risks.
- 6. Need for Climate Finance in Nepal • Climate change affects: agricultural productivity, access to water, food security, livelihoods, disaster management, health … • Sustainable development, like climate change, is about cross-sector and multiple and complex issues. • Post 2015 agenda: Achieving sustainable development requires a multi- dimensional response, together with adequate financing Climate finance, both domestic and international (in addition to ODA) can be harnessed to meet these additional development challenges posed by climate change. How? By integrating climate finance in core development planning and budgeting processes
- 7. Climate Finance (CF) Achievements and Milestone: •Nepal is the 1st country to produce CPEIR (2011) •CPEIR recommended using Climate Change Budget Code (as budget marker). •Nepal is the 1st country to introduce Climate Change Budget Code •Nepal has completed the assessment of the Climate Change Integration Index (CCII) •Nepal is the 1st country to start implementation of Local Adaptation Plan of Actions (LAPA) •Nepal has developed Climate Change Policy, 2011 – with a commitment to deliver 80% of climate change funds at local level Challenges: • Understanding and definition of Climate Change Finance • Inadequate Domestic Finances • Inadequate International Finances • Value for Money (effectiveness and efficiency) • Insufficiently Demand Driven • Fragmented Financing
- 8. What needs to be done on CF • Develop Integrated Climate Change Financing Framework as part of national planning and budgeting systems to effectively meet the climate change challenges, and also contribute to the achievement of the sustainable development goals • Strengthen the institutional arrangements of the GoN at national and sub- national level through more effective coordination among key stakeholders • Enhance capacity development efforts at the national and local levels, as well as across key sectors in effectively accessing and managing climate finance • Strengthen accountability and transparency efforts to ensure the effective and equitable use of climate finance (with government and non-state actors, including CSOs and private sector) • Support the development and use of decision-making and assessment tools for the prioritization of adaptation and mitigation actions in an inclusive and participatory manner
- 9. Preparation process of Nepal NAP • Focal point for NAP Global Support Programme was designated on Feburary 2014 • October 2014, MoPE (then MOSTE) decided to start NAP process in Nepal • As a chair to LDCs, a common consent was forwarded on August 2014 to accept the NAP as a national document and provide financial support for its formulation process • Requested to NAP Global Support Program for necessary and required support and cooperation • Communicated with NAP Global Support Programme for needed support and cooperation • Participated on NAP Expo organized by UNFCCC at Bonn, Germany
- 10. • NAP formulation process has started in Nepal, launched in on September 2016 • With the support of Practical Action, Nepal MoPE prepared a Letter of Understanding and Terms of Reference for the NAP process in Nepal • Govt. officials at MOPE participated in training organized by NAP Global Support Programme and UNFCCC • Civil society organizations initiations- Road map for Nepal (WWF Nepal), Sectoral NAPs- Water- Jalshrot Vikas Sansthan (JVS) and Public Health-Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) Nepal and its initiative on NAP
- 12. A National Roadmap for Nepal NAP • The MoPE has outlined the possible steps of NAPs formulation. • The major 6 Thematic Working Groups (TWGs) identified by NAPA • In addition, tourism, natural and cultural and two cross cutting themes, Gender and Social inclusion and Livelihoods and Governance will also be included in Nepal NAP • Altogether NAPs will comprise of 9 thematic areas Thematic Areas of NAP 1. Agriculture and food security 2. Forest and biodiversity 3. Water resource and energy 4. Public health 5. Climate induced disaster 6. Urban settlement and infrastructur e 7. Tourism, natural and cultural 8. Gender and Social inclusion, 9. Livelihoods and Governance
- 13. Entry points for sectoral integration in NAP process Policy/Planning entry points: •National Interim Plan / Five year plan – Fourteenth Year Plan (possibly 2017 – 2019) •Agriculture Development Strategy •Agriculture Research Strategies (National Agricultural Research Council) •Budgeting process •Agriculture Extension Services (integration at the local level) •Decision making tools •Local level planning and linkages with national level planning Institutional/Governance entry points: • CC/DRR focal points • Capacity of sectoral ministries • Government programs and projects • CSOs, private sector led projects • Bilateral projects • Monitoring and evaluation • Accountability and transparency • Local level planning and linkages with national level planning Climate Information Services: • Knowledge management • Data generation • Risk Mapping (Vulnerability and hazard mapping) • Agricultural information services • Awareness at national and local level
- 14. THANK YOU